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BM211 microbiology > Block C 2 > Flashcards

Block C 2 Flashcards

fungal diseases (83 cards)

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1
Q

what is mycosis (plural mycoses)

A

any infection caused by a fungus/growth of fungus on or in the body

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2
Q

what does it mean for pathogenic fungi to be dimorphic

A

exists as either yeasts or in filamentous form

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3
Q

what are the 3 major mechanisms that fungi cause disease through

A

-inappropriate immune responses
-toxins (mycotoxins)
-host infection (mycoses)

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4
Q

what is the most common toxin that aspergillus produces

A

aflatoxin

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5
Q

what is aflatoxin in relation to birds

A

carcinogenic

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6
Q

what human diseases does aflatoxin cause

A

cirrhosis (children are more prone)
asthma

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7
Q

where does superficial mycosis infect

A

only the surface layer of skin, hair, or nails

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8
Q

how is superficial mycosis treated

A

topical antifungal creams
liquid aerosols

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9
Q

name of the drugs that treat superficial mycosis

A

miconazole nitrate
griseofulvin

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10
Q

collective name of fungi that cause superficial mycoses

A

dermatophytes

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11
Q

what is superficial mycoses caused by

A

trichophyton spp.

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12
Q

transmission of superficial mycosis

A

spores
itching and flaking skin

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13
Q

what is subcutaneous mycosis typically caused by

A

different fungi than superficial infections

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14
Q

how is subcutaneous mycosis often treated

A

oral administration of azole antifungal agents

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15
Q

2 examples of subcutaneous mycosis

A

sporotrichosis
chromoblastomycosis

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16
Q

what is sporotrichosis an occupational hazard of

A

those working in close contact with soil agriculture workers
miners
gardeners

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17
Q

what does chromoblastomycosis typically form

A

crusty wart like lesions on hand or leg

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18
Q

what is sporotrichosis caused by

A

the saprophyte
sporothrix schenckii

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19
Q

size of the round conidia in sporothrix schenckii

A

2 μM in diameter

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20
Q

what does systemic effect

A

internal organs

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21
Q

where do systemic fungal pathogens normally live

A

in soil

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22
Q

how do systemic fungal pathogens infect humans

A

due to inhaling airborne spores
travels from lungs to other organs and skin

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23
Q

why is chemotherapy difficult to treat systemic mycosis

A

issues with toxicity

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24
Q

who does systemic fungal pathogens primarily affect

A

the elderly or otherwise immune compromised

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25
why do systemic fungal pathogens typically infect elderly/immune compromised
age - cell mediated immunity declines immune system impaired- HIV/AIDS
26
due to the type of people systemic mycosis infects, what can be said about this type of pathogen
opportunistic pathogens
27
what are opportunistic pathogens
cause disease only in those whose immune defense can no longer fight off the fungi
28
what is primary fungal disease
healthy individual infected
29
what is secondary fungal disease
predisposing condition making the individual more susceptible to infections (HIV)
30
what are the 3 major systemic mycoses in the USA in order in decreasing incidence
histoplamosis coccidiodomycosis blastomycosis
31
what is histoplasmosis caused by
histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic)
32
where is histoplasmosis commonly found
rural areas in mid west USA (airborne)
33
what occurs with the inhaled spores with histoplasmosis
inhaled spores germinate and grow in the lung
34
what is coccidioidomycosis caused by
coccidioides immitis (dimorphic)
35
where is coccidioides immitis found
desert regions of the south west USA
36
when does coccidioides immitis become airborne
when it rains
37
what is coccidioidomycosis a cause of
pneumonia
38
what is blastomycosis caused by
blastomyces dermatitidis (dimorphic)
39
where is blastomycosis endemic to
areas of north america (great lakes)
40
if left untreated what occurs with blastomycosis
skin lesions
41
what is paracoccidioidomycosis caused by
paracoccidioides brasiliensis
42
where is paracoccidioidomycosis primarily found
subtropical disease (south america)
43
what does paracoccidioidomycosis infect
intially pulmonary lesions forming on face or other extremities
44
how is paracoccidioidomycosis treated
azoles
45
how is paracoccidioidomycosis treated
azoles
46
what is cryptococcosis caused by
yeast form of cryptococcus neoformans
47
where can cryptococcosis occur
virtually any organ of the body -initally pulmonary/wound
48
where is crytptococcosis often seen
in HIV/AIDs patients
49
what is candida albicans
dimorphic yeast often present as a minor component of human normal flora
50
what diseases can candida albicans cause
thrush to serious infections in immunocompromised individuals
51
what can be said of candida albicans genome
highly dynamic chr rearrangements as means of generating genetic diversity
52
what is pneomocytosis pneumonia often caused by
pnemocytosis jirovecil
53
examples of the type of people that pneomocytosis infect
chemo patients/AIDS premature/severly malnourished children elderly infants with hyper IgM syndrome
54
what do antifungals target
ergosterol
55
what are the 2 main classes of ergosterol inhibitors
polyenes azoles
56
what is the mode of action of ergosterol inhibitors
target unique fungal plasma membrane component
57
3 steps of how ergosterol inhibitors work
bind to ergosterol destabilising fungal cell membrane leading to cell death
58
what are polyenes
a mol with multiple conjugated double bonds
59
what do polyenes contain at least 3 of
alternating double and single carbon-carbon bonds
60
mechanism of action of polyenes
bind to sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol
61
what does the mechanism of action of polyenes place the membrane in
less fluid more crystalline state
62
what leaks from the cell leading to cell death with polyenes
small organic mols inc. monovalent ions (K ,NA, H, Cl)
63
what are the 3 main classes of azoles
imidazoles triazoles thiazoles
64
mode of action of azoles
inhibit the enzyme lanosterol 14 a-demethylase which converts lanosterol to ergosterol (except for abafungin)
65
how does depletion of ergosterol in fungal membrane lead to inhibition of fungal growth
depletion disrupts the structure and many functions of fungal membranes accumulation of toxic sterol intermediates
66
what are echinocandins
new class of antifungal drugs
67
mode of action of echinocandins
inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall
68
how do echinocandins inhibit synthesis ofglucan in cell wall
via inhibiton of enzyme 1,3-b glucan synthase
69
what are beta glucans
carbohydrate polymers that are cross linked with other fungal cell wall components
70
what does the inhibiton that echinocandins prevent
fungal cell wall synthesis
71
what does depletion of glycan polymers lead to
weakened cell wall and osmotic stress
72
what is the source of echinocandins
semi synthetic from pnedmocandin natural cyclic lipopeptide
73
what are DNA synthesis inhibitors
nucleic acid analogues mimicking cellular nucleotides
74
mechanism of action of DNA synthesis inhibitors
inhibit enzymes req for DNA synthesis difficult as eukaryotic
75
example of a DNA synthesis inhibitor
flucytosine
76
target of DNA synthesis inhibitors
candida infections cryptococcus neoformans
77
what is flucytosine used in combination with
amphotericin B and/or azole antifungals (fluconazole)
78
what can minor infections such as candidal cystitis be treated with
flucytosine alone
79
are DNA synthesis inhibitors synthetic or natural
synthetic
80
mode of action of mitosis inhibitors
interfering with fungal mitosis (disruption of microtubule aggregation)
81
example of a mitosis inhibitor
griseofulvin
82
is griseofulvin toxic or nontoxic
relatively nontoxic that can be taken orally but passes through the bloodstream to the skin
83
target of griseofulvin
used to treat number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm)

BM211 microbiology (14 decks)

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