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BM211 microbiology > Block C 3 > Flashcards

Block C 3 Flashcards

exploiting fungi

1
Q

what are fungal natural products

A

microbial metabolites produced by fungi

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2
Q

what was the golden age of drug discovery

A

1920’s-70’s

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3
Q

source of b-lactam

A

natural and semi-synthetic

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4
Q

mode of action of b-lactam

A

inhibitors of bacterial cell-wall synthesis

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5
Q

what prevents transpeptidation (cross linking of peptidoglycan)

A

irreversible binding of PBPs

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6
Q

what is one of the most important groups of antibiotics

A

b-lactam

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7
Q

what is penicillin resistant to

A

beta-lactamase- methicillin flucloxacillin

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8
Q

what is penicillin G

A

broad spectrum

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9
Q

targets of penillin G

A

most gram +ve bacteria and some gram -ve cocci
(eg staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections)

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10
Q

mode of action of penicillin G

A

inactivates the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) located within the bacterial cell wall

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11
Q

what does penicillin G interfere with

A

cross linking of peptidoglycan
weakening
cell lysis

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12
Q

what is cepalosporins produced by

A

acremonium

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13
Q

name of the drug that belongs to the cephalosporins family

A

cefoxitin

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14
Q

how does cefoxitin act

A

by interfering with cell wall synthesis

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15
Q

what does cefoxitin act on

A

broad range of gram -ve and +ve bacteria including anaerobes

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16
Q

what are echinocandins

A

an antifungal

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17
Q

mode of action of echinocandins

A

inhibits the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall

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18
Q

what is caspofungin a derivative from

A

fermentation product of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis

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19
Q

how is caspofungin administered

A

intravenously

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20
Q

target of caspofungin

A

fungal infections caused by aspergillus and candida sp.

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21
Q

why does caspofungin have clinical application

A

due to their solubility, antifungal spectrum and pharmacokinetic properties

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22
Q

target of micafungin

A

treatment of candidemia, candida peritonitis, abscesses and esophageal candidiasis

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23
Q

what type of lipopeptide is micafungin

A

cyclic

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24
Q

how is micafungin administered

A

intravenously

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25
Q

source of micafungin

A

semi synthetic

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26
Q

what is micafungin derived from

A

natural product of the fungus cleophama empedri

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27
Q

mode of action of micafungin

A

noncompetitively inhibits the fungal specific enzyme 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase

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28
Q

target of anidulafungin

A

candida
aspergillus

29
Q

mode of action of anidulafungin

A

inhibits 1,3 beta-D-glucan synthase

30
Q

what does echinocandin B undergo by the action of what enzyme

A

deacylation by action of deacylase enzyme

31
Q

mode of action of mitosis inhibitors

A

interfering with fungal mitosis
disruption of microtubule aggregation

32
Q

what is the target of griseofulvin

A

number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm)

33
Q

2 types of statins

A

lovastatin
mevastatin

34
Q

what produces lovastatin

A

aspergillus terreus and oyster mushroom

35
Q

what produces mevastatin

A

penicillium citrinum

36
Q

what do statins do

A

lower blood cholesterol levels preventing problems of the circulatory system

37
Q

example of immunosuppressant

A

cyclosporine

38
Q

what produces cyclosporine

A

tolypocladium inflatum

39
Q

what is cyclosporine used to treat

A

rheumatoid arthritis
psoriasis
crohns
nephrotic syndrome

40
Q

what is the drug that is present in magic mushrooms

A

psilocybin

41
Q

fungi of what genus is used to ripen many cheese

A

penicillium

42
Q

what cheeses are penicillium roqueforti or penicillium glaucum used for

A

blue cheese
roquefort, blue stilton, lanark blue

43
Q

what cheeses are penicillium candidum and penicillium camemberti used for

A

brie and camembert

44
Q

what fungi is quorn made out of

A

fusarium venenatum

45
Q

what is produced from saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

marmite
sourdough

46
Q

what fungi is bakers yeast

A

saccharomyces cerevisiae

47
Q

what helps dough rise

A

fermentation

48
Q

what does fermentation produce

A

CO2

49
Q

what is citric acid produced by

A

aspergillus sp.

50
Q

what is citric acid used as

A

an acidifier
flavouring
chelating aagent

51
Q

what is acetic acid produced by

A

various species of yeast

52
Q

industrial uses for acetic acid

A

production of cellulose acetate for photographic film

53
Q

what produces ethanol

A

saccharomyces cerevisiae

54
Q

what have saccharomyces yeasts been genetically engineered to ferment

A

xylose

55
Q

what is the mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots essential for

A

productivity of farm land

56
Q

what % of trees and grasses would not survive without fungal partner in root systems

A

80-90%

57
Q

what does white rot fungi digest

A

moist wood

58
Q

what does brown rot fungi digest

A

dead wood

59
Q

what can white and brown rot fungi be used for

A

alternative production of energy from cellulosic biomass

60
Q

what is bio-degradation

A

removal of oil spills are heavy fuels in the sea
fungi can utilise long chain hydrocarbons

61
Q

many advances in modern genetics were achieved by use of what mould

A

red bread mould
neurospora crassa

62
Q

what originally served as a starting point in discovering analogous human genes

A

saccharomyces cerevisiae

63
Q

what does YAC stand for

A

yeast artificial chromosomes

64
Q

what are YAKs

A

genetically engineered chr dervived from the DNA of saccharocyces cerevisiae
which is then ligated into bacterial plasmid

65
Q

what is the name given to the act of cloning and physically mapping DNA sequences

A

chromosome walking

66
Q

what was chr walking and YACs initially used for

A

human genome project

67
Q

what were YAKs abandoned for due to stability issues

A

BACs

68
Q

what does BAC stand for

A

bacterial artificial chromosomes

BM211 microbiology (14 decks)

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