Block C 3

Question 1

what are fungal natural products

Answer 1

microbial metabolites produced by fungi

Question 2

what was the golden age of drug discovery

Answer 2

1920’s-70’s

Question 3

source of b-lactam

Answer 3

natural and semi-synthetic

Question 4

mode of action of b-lactam

Answer 4

inhibitors of bacterial cell-wall synthesis

Question 5

what prevents transpeptidation (cross linking of peptidoglycan)

Answer 5

irreversible binding of PBPs

Question 6

what is one of the most important groups of antibiotics

Answer 6

b-lactam

Question 7

what is penicillin resistant to

Answer 7

beta-lactamase- methicillin flucloxacillin

Question 8

what is penicillin G

Answer 8

broad spectrum

Question 9

targets of penillin G

Answer 9

most gram +ve bacteria and some gram -ve cocci
(eg staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections)

Question 10

mode of action of penicillin G

Answer 10

inactivates the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) located within the bacterial cell wall

Question 11

what does penicillin G interfere with

Answer 11

cross linking of peptidoglycan
weakening
cell lysis

Question 12

what is cepalosporins produced by

Answer 12

acremonium

Question 13

name of the drug that belongs to the cephalosporins family

Answer 13

cefoxitin

Question 14

how does cefoxitin act

Answer 14

by interfering with cell wall synthesis

Question 15

what does cefoxitin act on

Answer 15

broad range of gram -ve and +ve bacteria including anaerobes

Question 16

what are echinocandins

Answer 16

an antifungal

Question 17

mode of action of echinocandins

Answer 17

inhibits the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall

Question 18

what is caspofungin a derivative from

Answer 18

fermentation product of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis

Question 19

how is caspofungin administered

Answer 19

intravenously

Question 20

target of caspofungin

Answer 20

fungal infections caused by aspergillus and candida sp.

Question 21

why does caspofungin have clinical application

Answer 21

due to their solubility, antifungal spectrum and pharmacokinetic properties

Question 22

target of micafungin

Answer 22

treatment of candidemia, candida peritonitis, abscesses and esophageal candidiasis

Question 23

what type of lipopeptide is micafungin

Answer 23

cyclic

Question 24

how is micafungin administered

Answer 24

intravenously

Question 25

source of micafungin

Answer 25

semi synthetic

Question 26

what is micafungin derived from

Answer 26

natural product of the fungus cleophama empedri

Question 27

mode of action of micafungin

Answer 27

noncompetitively inhibits the fungal specific enzyme 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase

Question 28

target of anidulafungin

Answer 28

candida aspergillus

Question 29

mode of action of anidulafungin

Answer 29

inhibits 1,3 beta-D-glucan synthase

Question 30

what does echinocandin B undergo by the action of what enzyme

Answer 30

deacylation by action of deacylase enzyme

Question 31

mode of action of mitosis inhibitors

Answer 31

interfering with fungal mitosis disruption of microtubule aggregation

Question 32

what is the target of griseofulvin

Answer 32

number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm)

Question 33

2 types of statins

Answer 33

lovastatin mevastatin

Question 34

what produces lovastatin

Answer 34

aspergillus terreus and oyster mushroom

Question 35

what produces mevastatin

Answer 35

penicillium citrinum

Question 36

what do statins do

Answer 36

lower blood cholesterol levels preventing problems of the circulatory system

Question 37

example of immunosuppressant

Answer 37

cyclosporine

Question 38

what produces cyclosporine

Answer 38

tolypocladium inflatum

Question 39

what is cyclosporine used to treat

Answer 39

rheumatoid arthritis psoriasis crohns nephrotic syndrome

Question 40

what is the drug that is present in magic mushrooms

Answer 40

psilocybin

Question 41

fungi of what genus is used to ripen many cheese

Answer 41

penicillium

Question 42

what cheeses are penicillium roqueforti or penicillium glaucum used for

Answer 42

blue cheese roquefort, blue stilton, lanark blue

Question 43

what cheeses are penicillium candidum and penicillium camemberti used for

Answer 43

brie and camembert

Question 44

what fungi is quorn made out of

Answer 44

fusarium venenatum

Question 45

what is produced from saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 45

marmite sourdough

Question 46

what fungi is bakers yeast

Answer 46

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 47

what helps dough rise

Answer 47

fermentation

Question 48

what does fermentation produce

Answer 48

CO2

Question 49

what is citric acid produced by

Answer 49

aspergillus sp.

Question 50

what is citric acid used as

Answer 50

an acidifier flavouring chelating aagent

Question 51

what is acetic acid produced by

Answer 51

various species of yeast

Question 52

industrial uses for acetic acid

Answer 52

production of cellulose acetate for photographic film

Question 53

what produces ethanol

Answer 53

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 54

what have saccharomyces yeasts been genetically engineered to ferment

Answer 54

xylose

Question 55

what is the mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots essential for

Answer 55

productivity of farm land

Question 56

what % of trees and grasses would not survive without fungal partner in root systems

Answer 56

80-90%

Question 57

what does white rot fungi digest

Answer 57

moist wood

Question 58

what does brown rot fungi digest

Answer 58

dead wood

Question 59

what can white and brown rot fungi be used for

Answer 59

alternative production of energy from cellulosic biomass

Question 60

what is bio-degradation

Answer 60

removal of oil spills are heavy fuels in the sea fungi can utilise long chain hydrocarbons

Question 61

many advances in modern genetics were achieved by use of what mould

Answer 61

red bread mould neurospora crassa

Question 62

what originally served as a starting point in discovering analogous human genes

Answer 62

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 63

what does YAC stand for

Answer 63

yeast artificial chromosomes

Question 64

what are YAKs

Answer 64

genetically engineered chr dervived from the DNA of saccharocyces cerevisiae which is then ligated into bacterial plasmid

Question 65

what is the name given to the act of cloning and physically mapping DNA sequences

Answer 65

chromosome walking

Question 66

what was chr walking and YACs initially used for

Answer 66

human genome project

Question 67

what were YAKs abandoned for due to stability issues

Answer 67

BACs

Question 68

what does BAC stand for

Answer 68

bacterial artificial chromosomes