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Normal Body Function > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

BLOOD

A

Is a connective tissue.

Regulation

  • pH (acid/base) by buffers
  • temperature by vasodilation and vasoconstriction, supply of blood to sweat glands
  • blood osmotic pressure and water content of tissues (involves protein and dissolved ions)

Transport

  • blood gases: oxygen and carbon dioxide - nutrients from the digestive system
  • heat and waste products from cells
  • hormones from endocrine cells to target tissues

Protection

  • blood clotting - preventing blood loss
  • white cells, antibodies and other proteins (interferon, complement etc.) protect against disease

Is made up of 55% plasma and 45% red blood cells

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2
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A

Type of white blood cells (leucocytes) can be remembered in order of abundance in blood by using the acronym

Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil

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3
Q

BLOOD PLASMA

A

Makes up 55% of blood.

Consists of:

  • Water 91.5%
  • Proteins 7 %
  • Other solutes 1.5%
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4
Q

FORMED ELEMENTS

A

45% of blood

Consist of
• red blood cells (RBCs) - Erythrocytes
• white blood cells (WBCs) - Leukocytes
• platelets - Thrombocytes

Production of formed elements
• Occurs in the red bone marrow
• Haemopoiesis - production of formed elements of blood
• Erythropoiesis - production of red blood cells also known as erythrocyte

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5
Q

Erythrocytes – red blood cells

A
  • are biconcave discs
  • contain no nucleus (lost in their development)
  • contain haemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen
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6
Q

PLATELETS

A

In the formed elements

are fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus. Among other actions, they release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged. Platelets are the functional equivalent of thrombocytes, nucleated cells found in lower vertebrates that prevent blood loss by clotting blood.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM!

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7
Q

HAEMOPOIESIS

A

Production of formed elements in the blood.

Occurs in red bone marrow.

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8
Q

ERYTHROPOIESIS

A

production of red blood cells also known as erythrocyte

Occurs in red bone marrow.

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9
Q

HAEMATOCRIT

A

% that makes up red blood cells.

Normal values:
42% +/- 5% (female)
47% +/- 5% (male)

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10
Q

LEUKOCYTES

A

White blood cells (never let a monkey eat bananas)
5 types

Granulocytes:
Neutrophil. Eosinophil. Basophil

Agranulocytes:
Lymphocyte. Monocyte

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11
Q

NEUTROPHIL

A

Granulocyte white blood cell

Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.

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12
Q

EOSINOPHIL

A

Granulocyte white blood cell.

Allergies and kills parasites

Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytise antigen–antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.

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13
Q

BASOPHIL

A

Granulocyte white blood cell.

Mast cells of connective tissue, release histamine, heparin etc., involved in inflammation.

Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response

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14
Q

LYMPHOCYTE

A

Agranulocyte white blood cell

T Cells
• Attack invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells

B cells
• B cells can become plasma cells which generate antibodies and help mediate an immune response

Natural Killer cells
• Attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and spontaneous tumour cells

Mediate immune responses, including antigen–antibody reactions. B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells. Natural killer cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumour cells.

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15
Q

MONOCYTE

A

Agranulocyte white blood cell

Phagocytosis and antigen presentation

Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages).

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16
Q

GRANULYTES

A

Leukocytes (white blood cell) that displays conspicuous granules with distinctive colouration that can be recognised under a light microscope.

17
Q

ARANULOCYTES

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells) that possess cytoplasmic granules, the granules are not visible under a light microscope because of their small size and poor staining qualities.

18
Q

PLATELETS - THROMBOCYTES

A

Essential for blood clotting.

19
Q

HAEMOSTASIS

A
  • Haemostasis is a term used to describe the series of responses that stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel
  • Reduces haemorrhage (loss of blood from a vessel) through clot formation
  • Initiates tissue repair

• Clot formation involves three steps:

  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting (coagulation)
20
Q

VASCULAR SPASM

A

When arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately, a reaction called vascular spasm.

This reduces blood loss for several minutes to several hours, during which time the other heamostatic mechanisms go into operation. The spasm is probably caused by damage to the smooth muscle, by substances released from activated platelets, and by reflexes initiated by pain receptors

21
Q

PLATELET PLUG

A

Initially, platelets contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibres of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells. This process is called platelet adhesion.

2 Due to adhesion, the platelets become activated, and their characteristics change dramatically. They extend many projections that enable them to contact and interact with one another, and they begin to liberate the contents of their vesicles. This phase is called the platelet release reaction. Liberated ADP and thromboxane A2 play a major role by activating nearby platelets. Serotonin and thromboxane A2 function as vasoconstrictors, causing and sustaining contraction of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases blood flow through the injured vessel.

3 The release of ADP makes other platelets in the area sticky, and the stickiness of the newly recruited and activated platelets causes them to adhere to the originally activated platelets. This gathering of platelets is called platelet aggregation. Eventually, the accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets form a mass called a platelet plug.

22
Q

COAGULATION

A

Blood clotting

  • Blood normally remains liquid in the blood vessels
  • In contact with foreign surfaces coagulation takes place
  • Coagulation is the formation of a clot made up of protein fibres (fibrin) which traps the formed elements
  • Plasma without its clotting proteins forms a yellow liquid called serum
23
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

fag′-ō-sĪ-TŌ-sis; phago- = to eat) is a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses

24
Q

SERUM

A

Plasma without its clotting proteins forms a yellow liquid called serum.

25
Q

Coagulation – role of Vitamin K

A
  • not involved in the pathway
  • But important in the formation of clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X) by hepatocytes (liver cells)
  • Vit K antagonists slow the clotting response (thin the blood) eg. warfarin
26
Q

VITAMIN K

A
  • not involved in the pathway
  • But important in the formation of clotting factors (II, VII, IX and X) by hepatocytes (liver cells)
  • Vit K antagonists slow the clotting response (thin the blood) eg. warfarin
27
Q

Antigen = Agglutinogen

A

Blood groups are determined by the antigens found on the plasma membrane (Remember: one function of the plasma membrane is cell recognition)
• There are many blood group antigens (350+) that have been identified.
• Blood group antigens are found on/in the plasma membrane of red blood cells
•The best known are the ABO and Rh blood group systems

28
Q

TYPE A BLOOD

A

Has A antigen on red blood cell.

Has ANTI-A antibody in plasma.

Can receive A and O blood.

29
Q

TYPE B BLOOD

A

Has B antigen on red blood cells.

Has Anti-A antibody in plasma.

Can receive B and O.

30
Q

TYPE AB BLOOD

A

Has both A and B antigens on red blood cells.

Has neither anitbody in plasma.

Can receive O, A, B.

31
Q

TYPE O BLOOD TYPE

A

Neither A or B antigen in red blood cells.

Both anti A and B antibodies in plasma

Can receive only.

32
Q

Antibody = Agglutinin

A

Targets antigens, different from your own.

33
Q

RH BLOOD GROUP

A
  • RhD is an antigen found on the surface of red blood cells
  • Rh positive means you have the (D) antigen (and you do not produce Rh(D) antibody)
  • Rh negative means you do not have the (D) antigen on the surface of the red blood cell (you can produce anti-Rh(D) antibody)
  • Rh negative individuals differ from the antibodies found in the ABO groups in that the antibody only appears after exposure to the Rh(D) antigen

Normal Body Function (13 decks)

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