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Normal Body Function > CELLS > Flashcards

CELLS Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

ORGANELLE

A

Are specialised “machinery” structures within the cell that perform specific functions.

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2
Q

EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID

A

Watery fluid outside the cell.

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3
Q

CYTOSOL (Intracellular fluid)

A

Fluid in between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

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4
Q

PLASMA (cell membrane)

A

Surrounds the cell, controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Protects cellular contents; makes contact with other cells; contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, cell-identity markers, and linker proteins; mediates entry and exit of substances.

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5
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate - Organic compound that provides energy

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6
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

Synthesise protein within the cell either attached to the rough ER or freely in the cytosol.

Free ribosomes produce proteins for use within the cell.
Attached ribosomes produce proteins for export from the cell, for the incorporation into the plasma into the membrane or other organelles.

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7
Q

GOGLI COMPLEX

A

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from the rough ER.

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8
Q

LYSOSOMES

A

Known as “suicide sacs”.

Membrane-bound vesicles containing enzymes formed by the rough ER.

Breakdown old organelles.

Breakdown harmful substances entering the cell. Ie: white blood cells engulf bacteria which are destroyed by lysosomes.

Rupture of lysosomes lead to the breakdown of cells - autolysis.

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9
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

Known as the “power house” of the cell.

Produces the cells energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate).

Site of aerobic respiration.
Have their own DNA and RNA and can self replicate.

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited via the maternal iiNet (mum) and can help indemnify individuals.

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10
Q

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)

A

Not covered in ribosomes. Produce phospholipids, fats and steroids, these are used for new plasma membranes and the production of some hormones including oestrogen and testosterone.

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11
Q

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)

A

Covered in ribosomes. Manufacture, fold and process proteins.

Can be used for new plasma membranes when joined to phospholipids.

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12
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

Major lipid component of cell membrane.

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13
Q

NUCLEUS

A

Controls the cells activities.

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14
Q

CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

Outer layer of cell.
Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Made from a phospholipid belayer, proteins, glycocalyx and cholesterol.

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15
Q

ER

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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16
Q

CILIA

A

Hair like extensions of the cell membrane that involve movement.

Short, numerous and are found on the surface of the cells.

Eg: move and sweep mucus with trapped dust away from the lungs, removed musics away from the nose.

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17
Q

FLAGELLA

A

Extension of the cell membrane involved in movement.

Long, usually singular and propels the cell forward.

Eg: the tails of the sperm which helps it to swim!

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18
Q

CYTOSKELETON

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A

Movement, structural support and tensile strength.

Helps cell maintain is structure and shape.

Helps cell to move.

Anchors things in place within the cell and tops it from tearing itself apart.

19
Q

VESICLES/VESICULAR TRANSPORT

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A

Is a small, spherical sac. A variety of substances are transported in vesicles from one structure to another within cells. Vesicles also import materials from and release materials into extracellular fluid.

20
Q

MITOSIS

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A

One mother cell for 2 GENETICALLY IDENTICAL DIPLOIDS (2n) CELLS = each with a full complement of 46 chromosomes.

Essential for growth and repair. Eg cells of skin surface and intestinal lining(

Known as prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

21
Q

MEIOSIS

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A

One mother cell forms 4 GENETICALLY DIFFERENT HAPLOID (n) CELLS (each with 23 chromosomes).

Used for the formation of gametes (ova and sperm)

Has 8 phases: prolapse (P), metaphase (M), anaphase (A), telephase (T) I, followed by P, M, A, T II.

Generates genetic diversity as homologous chromosomes pair off (synapsids)

Parts of the chromatids may be exchanged in a process called crossing over,

Genetic recombination generates NEW combination of genes.

22
Q

MICROVILLI

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A

Finger like projections extending from the cells surface.

Increase surface area of the cell membrane.

Better developed in cell specialised for ABSORPTION. Eg cells lining small intestines, kidney tubules.

23
Q

OSMOSIS

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A

Movement of water within the body,

Mediated by a protein channel/directly between phospholipids - Aquaporin

Moves from area with more water (more dilute) to less water (more concentrated with solutes)

No extra ATP required.

24
Q

NUCLEOLUS

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A

Centre of the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

25
CHROMOSOMES
Are paired in “homologous pairs” - one from mum and one from dad. Are numbered 1 (the largest) to 22 (the smallest) with the 23rd pair being sex chromosomes (xx or xy) Most os your somatic cells are diploid( contain all 23 pairs of chromosomes) Sex cells - sperm and egg - called GAMETES are HAPLOID (contain 23 chromosomes only - one of each pair)
26
CYTOPLASM
Cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus — cytosol and organelles. Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus.
27
DIPLOID
Cell that contains all 23 pairs of chromosomes.
28
DNA (DEOXYRIBONULEIC ACID)
The “master” plan. Found in the nucleus and mitochondria. Double helix molecule DNA in a non-dividing cell is long, thin and invisible and know as CHROMATIN DNA in a dividing cell is highly coiled and visible and known as a chromosome. Consists of building block molecules called NUCLEOTIDES. Consist of 4 different bases: Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Guamine (G) and Cytoosine (C), so there are FOUR different nucleotides. T&A (1 PAIR) G&C (1 PAIR) REPLICATES itself before a cell divides to ensure identical genetic information (DNA) code occurs in each new cell. Provides the basic instructions for BUILDING every PROTEIN in the body.
29
CYTOPLASM
Cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus — cytosol and organelles. Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus.
30
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Copy of the “master” plan. Found inside and outside of the nucleus. Normally a single strand or folded. FOUR nucleotides containing a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose) and a nitrogenous base A, G, C or U (Uracil). Different types involved in the synthesis of proteins based on the DNA sequence.
31
PHAGOCYTOSIS
To eat other cells. Is a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses.
32
EXOCYTOSIS
Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid.
33
ENDOCYTOSIS
Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles.
34
APOPTOSIS
Programmes cell death Natural process, part of cell cycle, removes old and abnormal cells. Important in development Safe mechanism for the removal of damaged cells. Important in cancer Many genes are associated with regulating apoptosis Mutations in these genes or signals affecting expression of these genes may be responsible for proliferation of cancer cells.
35
GENE
A sequence of nucleotides that codes for one protein. Like a recipe “for every 3 nucleotides codes for 1 amino acid”
36
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
She substances move through the membrane but require input of cellular energy. (Includes primary active transport (solute pump) and vesicular transport)
37
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
When substances move through the membrane without input of cellular energy - includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
38
DIFFUSION
Movement of substances from a higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
39
FACILITATED DIFUSSION
“Mediated” by a protein carrier to pass through the membrane Move from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Move by kinetic energy (no extra ATP required) Large/non-lipid soluble substances/ charged ions. Eg glucose, amino acids, some ions.
40
GLYCOCALYX
A sugary coating around the cell - its I.D for the body. If the cell does not have it the white blood cells would attack it. (Like bacteria)
41
CHROMATIN
Elongated DNA in non-dividing cell/genetic library.
42
TRANSLATION
Reading of the mRNA by a ribosome to create a protein.
43
TRANSPCRIPTION
Copying of a gene from DNA to mRNA.
44
MITOCHONDRIA
Generate ATP though the reactions of aerobic cellular respiration. Play an important early role in apoptosis.

Normal Body Function (13 decks)

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