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Normal Body Function > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

MEDIASTINUM

A

The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum.
It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm

The mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Among the structures in the mediastinum are the heart, oesophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart

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2
Q

PERICARDIUM

A

Surrounds the heart.

  • The pericardium is made of two parts
  • The outer (superficial) fibrous pericardium
  • The inner (deep) serous pericardium
  • Double layered
  • Two layers of the serous pericardium
  • Outer Parietal layer
  • Inner Visceral Layer (also called the epicardium)
  • Space is filled with pericardial fluid FPericardium and heart wall

• The functions of the pericardium are to:
– protect the heart
– anchor the heart in position
– prevent overfilling of the heart with blood
– provide a ‘friction-free environment’ for contraction due to pericardial fluid between the serous layers

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3
Q

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

A

to the lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart

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4
Q

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

A

to the rest of the body systems and back to the heart

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5
Q

ANATOMICAL VESSEL LAYER

A

TIME

Tunica
Interna (intima)
Media
Externa (adventitious)

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6
Q

HEART STRUCTURE

A

• The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)
• The left ventricle pumps blood to the body (systemic circuit)
• The heart has two sides separated by an interventricular septum
Right ventricle
Interventricular septum
Left ventricle

  • Pulmonary circulation = lower pressure
  • Systemic circulation = higher pressure
  • Left ventricle is more muscular and thicker
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7
Q

EPICARDIUM

A

outer layer of the heart, epicardium (a.k.a. visceral pericardium) that supports blood vessels and nerves

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8
Q

MYOCARDIUM

A

Middle layer of the heat. myocardium made of cardiac muscle.

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9
Q

ENDOCARDIUM

A

Inner layer of the heart made of squamous epithelium which covers all inner surfaces, is continuous with endothelial linings of the blood vessels and presents a smooth surface for blood flow

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10
Q

VENTRICLE

A

Left and right pumps of the heart

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11
Q

ATRIA

A

Left atrium and right atrium filling chambers of the heart

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12
Q

BICUSPID VALVE

A

prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

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13
Q

TRICUSPID VALVES

A

prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

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14
Q

SEMILUNAR VALAVES

A

prevent backflow from the major arteries into the ventricles when the ventricles relax

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15
Q

VEINS

A

veins are formed by venules joining together

The blood pressure in veins is much lower than in arteries. Veins have the same three tunics as arteries, but the walls (tunics) of the veins are much thinner and the lumen is wider.

veins have valves - folds in the tunica intima
• valves ensure one-way flow of blood back to the heart
• valves prevent backflow or pooling of blood

Return of blood to the heart involves:
• The skeletal muscle pump - as skeletal muscles in the legs contract, blood is “squeezed” back up to the heart
• Pressure in the veins- is slightly higher than the right side of the heart
• The respiratory pump - when we breathe in, the pressure in the thoracic cavity drops. Blood is drawn up into the thoracic cavity (and air into the lungs). When we breathe out, pressure in the thoracic cavity increases, large veins are ‘squeezed’ and blood pushed into the heart.
• Valves - prevent backflow of blood

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16
Q

ARTERY

A

Take blood away from the heart

Elastic or conducting arteries are thick walled & close to the heart (e.g. aorta)
• Large amounts of elastic tissue
• Allows for expansion and contraction causing blood to flow smoothly
• Muscular arteries are smaller and are branches of the elastic arteries
• Muscular arteries distribute blood to the parts of the body
• The more muscular tunica media allows the blood flow to be controlled

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17
Q

CORONARY ARTERIES

A

The coronary arteries begin at the base of the aorta and supply heart muscle with oxygenated blood

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18
Q

ECG OR EKG

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

The ECG can provide multiple “views” of the electrical activity of the heart via careful placement of recording electrodes
• Clinically a 12 lead ECG is used as it provides 3D representation of the heart
• Each lead provides a different view of the SAME electrical activity - 12 leads = 12 different “views”
• Each lead is named e.g. Lead II is commonly used to identify arrhythmia substances

• The electrical impulses reach the surface of the body they are detected and cause deflections (waves) on the ECG

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19
Q

CAPILLERIES

A

are the site of nutrient, gas & waste exchange between blood and tissues

Capillaries are the smallest vessels that connect arteries and veins

Smallest of the blood vessels. Thin walled often just the tunica interna.

  • Capillaries provide access to all the cells of the body and are the sites of exchange for gases, nutrients and wastes
  • Blood flow is much slower and they create a large surface area to allow time for exchange to take place between blood and other tissues

Blood flow through capillaries can be regulated according to need

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20
Q

BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE

A

Arteries and veins have three layers (tunics) in their walls
• Tunica externa (outer layer) is connective tissue, rich in collagen
• Tunica media (middle layer) is made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibres
• Tunica interna (inner layer) is made up of simple squamous epithelium (aka the endothelium)

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21
Q

TUNICA MEDIA

A

is to allow the vessel to expand when under pressure and return to its original size. Smooth muscle allows movement. So the function of the tunica media is also to allow a vessel to contract (vasoconstriction → reducing blood flow) or relax (vasodilation → increasing blood flow)

• Tunica media (middle layer) is made up of smooth muscle and elastic fibres

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22
Q

TUNICA EXTERNA

A

Tunica externa (outer layer) is connective tissue, rich in collagen

Collagen provides strength. So the function of the tunica externa is to anchor the blood vessels to other structures

23
Q

TUNICA INTERNA

A

Tunica interna (inner layer) is made up of simple squamous epithelium (aka the endothelium)

provides a smooth surface for blood flow. This is continuous throughout all the blood vessels and the heart.

24
Q

ARTERIOLE

A
  • mostly made up of smooth muscle (tunica media) external to the endothelium
  • held together by an outer layer of collagen

the smooth muscle allows regulation of blood flow to the capillaries
• when the smooth muscle is contracted the lumen of the vessel is smaller and less blood can flow – vasoconstriction • when the smooth muscle is relaxed the lumen of the vessel is larger and more blood can flow – vasodilation

25
Q

VENULES

A

• venules are formed by capillaries joining together

26
Q

AORTA

A

The aorta is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.

27
Q

AORTIC AND PULMONARY VALVES

A

aortic and pulmonary valves are known as the semilunar (SL) valves (sem-ē-LOO-nar; semi- = half; -lunar = moon-shaped) because they are made up of three crescent moon–shaped cusps (figure 20.6d). Each cusp attaches to the arterial wall by its convex outer margin. The SL valves allow ejection of blood from the heart into arteries but prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles. The free borders of the cusps project into the lumen of the artery. When the ventricles contract, pressure builds up within the chambers. The semilunar valves open when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries, permitting ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary trunk and aorta (figure 20.6e). As the ventricles relax, blood starts to flow back towards the heart. This backflowing blood fills the valve cusps, which causes the free edges of the semilunar valves to contact each other tightly and close the opening between the ventricle and artery

28
Q

FRANK STARLING LAWS

A

the greater the pressure of the blood returning to the heart and fills the ventricles, leads to greater STRETCH of the ventricular walls

Increased length (stretch) of cardiac muscle cells stimulates a stronger force of muscle contraction
– So that as more blood enters the heart, a greater stroke volume will result to push that extra blood out!
29
Q

MARYS LAW

A

Marey’s Law – refers to the inverse relationship between blood pressure and heart rate (i.e. as blood pressure goes up, heart rate goes down to compensate)

30
Q

SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE

A

• Resistance is the opposition to flow. It’s simply the friction blood encounters
• You have likely encountered examples of resistance
• Which straw would you use to drink the milkshake?
12

Systemic vascular resistance cont.
• Resistance to blood flow is dependent upon: – Vessel diameter
– Vessel length
– Viscosity (stickiness) of blood
• Vessel radius is the most important physiological modulator of resistance
– Remember vascular spasm in haemostasis?
• The total amount of resistance in the systemic circulation is termed systemic vascular resistance
• The body can modulate systemic vascular resistance by changing artery diameter

31
Q

P WAVE (1st small wave)

A

P wave = Atrial depolarisation (contraction)

32
Q

QRS (middle waves)

A

QRS = Ventricular depolarisation (contraction)

33
Q

T WAVE (LAST LARGE WAVE)

A

T waves = Ventricular repolarisation (relaxation

34
Q

BLOOD PRESSURE

A

Blood pressure - the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of a blood vessel (force per unit area) - measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg)
• The heart only pumps blood during systole – when the aortic valve is open
• As blood is ejected from the ventricles it increases pressure in the arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery first)
• Pressure then declines during diastole

35
Q

INFERIOR VENA CAVER

A

Returns deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart.

36
Q

SUPERIOR VENA CAVER

A

Returns deoxygenated blood from the top half of the body to the heart.

37
Q

VASOCONSTRICTION

A

Narrowing (contract) of the blood vessel to reduce blood flow.

38
Q

VASODILATION

A

Expanding (relaxing) of the blood vessel to increase blood flow.

39
Q

BARORECEPTOR

A

pressure-sensitive sensory receptors, are located in the aorta, internal carotid arteries (arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain), and other large arteries in the neck and chest. They send impulses to the cardiovascular centre to help regulate blood pressure.

40
Q

PAPILLARY MUSCLES

A

The papillary muscles are muscles located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (also known as the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction).

41
Q

SYSTOLE

A

Contraction of the heart.

42
Q

DIASTOLE

A

Relaxation of the heart

43
Q

ARTERIOLE

A

mostly made up of smooth muscle (tunica media) external to the endothelium
• held together by an outer layer of collagen

  • the smooth muscle allows regulation of blood flow to the capillaries
  • when the smooth muscle is contracted the lumen of the vessel is smaller and less blood can flow – vasoconstriction
  • when the smooth muscle is relaxed the lumen of the vessel is larger and more blood can flow – vasodilation
44
Q

ENDOTEHLIUM

A

Endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Endothelial cells form the barrier between vessels and tissue and control the flow of substances and fluid into and out of a tissue.

45
Q

PURKINJE FIRBRES

A

Purkinje (pur-KIN-jē) fibres Muscle fibres (cells) in the ventricular tissue of the heart specialised for conducting an action potential to the myocardium; part of the conduction system of the heart.

46
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

The part of the conduction system of the heart made up of a compact mass of conducting cells located in the septum between the two atria.

47
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

The part of the conduction system of the heart that begins at the atrioventricular (AV) node, passes through the cardiac skeleton separating the atria and the ventricles, then extends a short distance down the interventricular septum before splitting into right and left bundle branches

48
Q

CORONARY SINUS

A

Main vein of heart; receives almost all venous blood from myocardium; located in coronary sulcus on posterior aspect of heart and opens into right atrium between orifice of inferior vena cava and tricuspid valve. Wide venous channel into which three veins drain. Receives great cardiac vein (from anterior interventricular sulcus) into its left end, and middle cardiac vein (from posterior interventricular sulcus) and small cardiac vein into its right end. Several anterior cardiac veins drain directly into right atrium

49
Q

VISCOSITY

A

The viscosity (vis-KOS-i-tē = thickness) of blood depends mostly on the ratio of red blood cells to plasma (fluid) volume, and to a smaller extent on the concentration of proteins in plasma. The higher the blood’s viscosity, the higher the resistance. Any condition that increases the viscosity of blood, such as dehydration or polycythaemia (an unusually high number of red blood cells), thus increases blood pressure. A depletion of plasma proteins or red blood cells, due to anaemia or haemorrhage, decreases viscosity and thus decreases blood pressure.

50
Q

CHORDAE TENDINEAE

A

The chordae tendineae (tendinous cords), colloquially known as the heart strings, are tendon-resembling fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.

51
Q

SEPTUM

A

Between the right atrium and left atrium is a thin partition called the interatrial septum (inter- = between; septum = a dividing wall or partition). A prominent feature of this septum is an oval depression called the fossa ovalis, the remnant of the foramen ovale, an opening in the interatrial septum of the foetal heart that normally closes soon after birth

52
Q

MAREY’S LAW

A

refers to the inverse relationship between blood pressure and heart rate (i.e. as blood pressure goes up, heart rate goes down to compensate)

53
Q

APEX

A

Pointy end of the heart that points towards the patients or persons left.

Normal Body Function (13 decks)

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