RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Question 1

HARD PALATE

Answer 1

anterior portion of floor of the nasal cavity made of palatine and maxillary bone

Question 2

SOFT PALATE

Answer 2

muscular posterior section of the nasal cavity floor

Question 3

NASOPHARYNX

Answer 3

lined with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
contains the pharyngeal tonsil
Auditory tubes equalise pressure
Behind the nasal cavity

Question 4

OROPHARYNX

Answer 4

lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
• contains palatine & lingual tonsils
Back to the throat behind the uvula (dangly boxing bag thing)

Question 5

LARYNGOPHARYNX

Answer 5

lined with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

connects oesophagus with larynx (voice box)

Question 6

NAGAL MEATUS

Answer 6

Nasal passages in the nasal cavity

Question 7

NASAL CONCHAE

Answer 7

Folds in the nasal cavity. (Superior, middle and inferior)
increase the surface area and are lined with mucous membranes for the moistening, warming & spiralling of air
– Secretes mucous
– Serous glands secrete a watery fluid that has antibacterial properties

Question 8

UVULA

Answer 8

soft palate is a fingerlike muscular structure (dangly boxing bag thing at the back of mouth

During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are drawn superiorly, closing off the nasopharynx and preventing swallowed foods and liquids from entering the nasal cavity

Question 9

EPIGLOTTIS

Answer 9

is a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium The ‘stem’ of the epiglottis is the tapered inferior portion that is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage. The broad superior ‘leaf’ portion of the epiglottis is unattached and is free to move up and down like a trap door.

• the epiglottis closes off the entrance to the airways during swallowing

Question 10

TRACHEA (WIND PIPE)

Answer 10

The trachea is located anterior to the oesophagus
C shaped Tracheal (hyaline) cartilage holds trachea open – C is joined by the trachealis muscle

CONTAINS:
Goblet cells produce mucous that traps foreign particles
Cilia carry mucus and trapped material upwards to the throat

Question 11

PLEURA

Answer 11

• The lungs are covered by the inner visceral pleura. The outer layer of pleura is the parietal pleura.
• Between the pleurae is the pleural cavity
• The pleural cavity is fluid-filled to reduce friction when breathing

Question 12

alveoli (singular alveolus)

Answer 12

Terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles and then alveolar ducts
• Pouches form on the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts called alveoli (singular alveolus)
• Pulmonary capillaries cover the alveoli like a spider web
• Alveolar and capillary walls form the respiratory membrane
• Gas exchange takes place between the alveolar and capillary walls

Question 13

THORACIC CAVITY

Answer 13

The thoracic cavity (thor-AS-ik; thorac- = chest) or chest cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. Within the thoracic cavity are the pericardial cavity (per′-i-KAR-dē-al; peri- = around; -cardial = heart), a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities (PLOOR-al; pleur- = rib or side), one around each lung. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum (mē′-dē-as-TĪ-num; media- = middle; -stinum = partition). It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. The mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Among the structures in the mediastinum are the heart, oesophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Question 14

CARINA

Answer 14

At the point where the trachea divides into right and left main bronchi an internal ridge called the carina (ka-RĪ-na = keel of a boat) is formed by a posterior and somewhat inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage. The mucous membrane of the carina is one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex. Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates a carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides

Question 15

RESPIRATION

Answer 15

Is the process of gas exchange

Question 16

PULMONARY VENTILATION

Answer 16

Pulmonary Ventilation is the mechanical flow of air

into (inhalation) and out of the lungs (exhalation)

Question 17

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

Answer 17

External Respiration is gas exchange between the lungs (air) and the capillaries

Question 18

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

Answer 18

Internal Respiration is gas exchange between the capillaries (blood) and the other tissues (cells)

Question 19

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Answer 19

Cellular Respiration is the metabolic processes in the cell that consumes O2 and gives off CO2 & H2O during the production of ATP (mitochondria)

Question 20

DIAPHRAGM

Answer 20

dome-shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities

In a normal quiet inspiration: the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards increasing the size (volume) of the thoracic cavity

Question 21

BOYLES LAW

Answer 21

the pressure of a gas in an enclosed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
• Meaning: if you decrease the volume, you increase the pressure in the container and vice versa

Question 22

LOBE

Answer 22

One or two fissures divide each lung into lobes. Both lungs have an oblique fissure, which extends inferiorly and anteriorly; the right lung also has a horizontal fissure. The oblique fissure in the left lung separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe. In the right lung, the superior part of the oblique fissure separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe; the inferior part of the oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe from the middle lobe, which is bordered superiorly by the horizontal fissure.

Question 23

MINUTE VOLUME

Answer 23

Minute volume (ventilation) – total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute. This is the respiratory rate x the tidal volume (12 x 500 ml = approx. 6 litres per minute at rest

Question 24

RESPIRATORY RATE

Answer 24

Number of breaths per minute (average 12/minute)

Question 25

DALTONS LAW

Answer 25

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases (air) is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Question 26

HENRYS LAW

Answer 26

The partial pressure matters! – Henry’s law
• Henry’s law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in the liquid in direct proportion to its partial pressure
• The higher the partial pressure, more gas will move into the liquid
• This process is reversible
• If there is more gas dissolved in the liquid, gas molecules can re-enter the gaseous state
• In short – gas molecules will follow the gradient!

Question 27

CONDUCTING ZONE

Answer 27

The Conducting Zone consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

The Conducting Zone warms, filters and moistens the air which is carried to and from the respiratory portion