Blood And Lymphatic System Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Blast/o
A
Germ or bud
2
Q
Chrom/o, chromat/o
A
Color
3
Q
Chyl/o
A
Juice
4
Q
Cyt/o
A
Cell
5
Q
Hem/o, hemat/o
A
Blood
6
Q
Immun/o
A
Safe
7
Q
Lymph/o
A
Clear fluid
8
Q
Morph/o
A
Form
9
Q
Myel/o
A
Bone marrow or spinal cord
10
Q
Phag/o
A
Eat or swallow
11
Q
Plas/o
A
Formation
12
Q
Reticul/o
A
A net
13
Q
Splen/o
A
Spleen
14
Q
Thromb/o
A
Clot
15
Q
Thym/o
A
Thymus gland
16
Q
plasma
A
Liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
17
Q
Serum
A
Liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting
18
Q
Erythrocyte
A
Red blood cell, transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
19
Q
Hemoglobin
A
The protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
20
Q
Leukocyte
A
White blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances
21
Q
Granulocytes
A
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
22
Q
Neutrophil
A
A granular leukocyte, named for the neutral strain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria
23
Q
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte
A
Another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus
24
Q
Eosinophil
A
A granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
25
Basophil
A granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
26
Agranulocytosis
A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
27
Lymphocyte
An agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus-dependent), B cells (bone-marrow dependent), and natural killer (NK) cells
28
Monocyte
An agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
29
Platelets
Thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
30
Thymus
Primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes
31
Spleen
Organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses
32
Lymph
Fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels
33
Lymph capillaries
Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
34
Lymph vessels
Vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
35
Lacteals
Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
36
Chyle
White or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
37
Lymph nodes
Many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
38
Lymph ducts
Collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
39
Right lymphatic duct
Receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
40
Thoracic duct
Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
41
Immunity
Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
42
Antigen
A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it
43
Antibody
A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
44
Active immunity
A long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine
45
Passive immunity
A short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are covered either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies
46
Microcytosis
Presence of small red blood cells
47
Macrocytosis
Presence of large red blood cells
48
Anisocytosis
Presence of RBCs of unequal size
49
Poikilocytosis
Presence of large, irregularly shaped RBCs
50
Reticulocytosis
An increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
51
Erythropenia
An abnormally reduced number of RBCs
52
Lymphocytopenia
An abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
53
Neutropenia
A decreased number of neutrophils
54
Pancytopenia
An abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
55
Thrombocytopenia
An abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
56
Hemolysis
Breakdown of the RBC membrane
57
Immunocompromised
Impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents
58
Immunosuppression
Impaired ability to provide an immune response
59
Lymphadenopathy
Enlargement (diseased) lymph nodes
60
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
61
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood
62
Anemia
A condition of reduced numbers of RBCs, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of RBCs to transport oxygen to the tissues
63
Aplastic anemia
A normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce RBCs
64
Iron deficiency anemia
A microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small RBCs containing low amounts of hemoglobin
65
Pernicious anemia
A macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing RBCs to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
66
Autoimmune disease
Any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases
67
Erythroblastosis fetalis
A disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing RBC destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
68
Rh factor
Presence or lack of antigens on the surface of RBCs, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood
69
Rh positive
Presence of antigens
70
Rh negative
Absence of antigens
71
Hemochromatosis
Hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
72
Hemophilia
A group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
73
Leukemia
Chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
74
Myelodysplasia
Disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
75
Lymphoma
Any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease
76
Metastasis
Process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites
77
Mononucleosis
Condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
78
Polycythemia
Increase number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
79
Septicemia
Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
80
Phlebotomy, venipuncture
Incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
81
Blood chemistry
Test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents
82
Blood chemistry panels
Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry test’s performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions
83
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Battery of tests used as a general screen for disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen
84
Comprehensive metabolic panel
Tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartame aminotransferase (AST)
85
Blood culture
Test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
86
CD4 cell count
A measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood
87
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Timed test that measures the rate at which RBCs settle through a volume of plasma
88
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
89
Thromboplastin
Substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
90
Prothrombin time (PT)
Test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
91
Prothrombin
Protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
92
Complete blood count (CBC)
A common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component tests that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used in the lab; normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate
93
White blood count (WBC)
A count of the number of WBCs in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods
94
Red blood count (RBC)
A count of the number of RBCs in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods
95
Hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb)
A test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)
96
Hematocrit (HCT or Hct)
A measurement of the percentage of packed RBCs in a given volume of blood
97
Blood indices
Calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of RBCs to classify an anemia
98
Mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)
Calculation of the volume of individual RBCs using HCT and RBC results: MCV= HCT/RBC
99
Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)
Calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average RBC using HGB and HCT results: MCHC= HGB/HCT
100
Mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC using HGB and HCT results: MCHC= HGB/HCT
101
Differential count
Determination of the number of each type of WBC (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
Type of leukocyte Normal range
Lymphocytes. 25-33%
Monocytes. 3-7%
Neutrophils. 54-75%
Eosinophils. 1-3%
Basophils. 0-1%
102
Red cell morphology
As part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition, size, and shape of RBCs in the background of the smeared slide are noted
103
Platelet count (PLT)
Calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adult range is 150,000-450,000 platelets in a given volume of blood
104
Bone marrow aspiration
Needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination
105
Bone marrow biopsy
Pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue
106
Lymphangiogram
An x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel obtained after injection of a contrast medium
107
Computed tomography (CT)
Fully body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
108
Position-emission tomography (PET)
Scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of anatomy and metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
109
Bone marrow transplant
Transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
110
Lymphadenectomy
Removal of a lymph node
111
Lymphadenotomy
Incision into a lymph node
112
Lymph node dissection
Removal of possible cancer-causing lymph nodes for pathologic examination
113
Splenectomy
Removal of the spleen
114
Thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland
115
Blood transfusion
Introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
116
Autologous blood
Blood donated by and stored for a pt for future personal use
117
Homologous blood
Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
118
Blood component therapy
Transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed RBCs, platelets, or plasma
119
Cross-matching
Method of matching a donors blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
120
Immunotherapy
Use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defense mechanisms, as seen in the treatment if AIDS, cancer, or allergy
121
Plasmapheresis
Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (platelets) followed by reinfusion
122
Anticoagulant
A drug that prevents clotting of the blood
123
Hemostatic
A drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
124
Vasoconstrictor
A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
125
Vasodilator
A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
