Respiratory System Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Alveol/o
A
Alveolus (air sac)
2
Q
Bronch/o, bronchi/o
A
Bronchus (airway)
3
Q
Bronchiol/o
A
Bronchiole (little airway)
4
Q
Capn/o, carb/o
A
Carbon dioxide
5
Q
Laryng/o
A
Larynx (voice box)
6
Q
Lob/o
A
Lobe (a portion)
7
Q
Nas/o, rhin/o
A
Nose
8
Q
Or/o
A
Mouth
9
Q
Ox/o
A
Oxygen
10
Q
Palat/o
A
Palate
11
Q
Pharyng/o
A
Pharynx (throat)
12
Q
Phren/o
A
Diaphragm (also mind)
13
Q
Pleur/o
A
Pleura (lining of lungs)
14
Q
Pneum/o, pneumon/o
A
Air or lung
15
Q
Pulmon/o
A
Lung
16
Q
Sinus/o
A
Sinus (cavity)
17
Q
Spir/o, -pnea
A
Breathing
18
Q
Thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o
A
Chest
19
Q
Tonsill/o
A
Tonsil
20
Q
Trache/o
A
Trachea (windpipe)
21
Q
Uvul/o
A
Uvula
22
Q
Nose
A
Structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
23
Q
Sinuses
A
Air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
24
Q
Palate
A
Roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate
25
Hard palate
Bony anterior portion of the palate
26
Soft palate
Muscular posterior portion of the palate
27
Pharynx
Throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx
28
Nasopharynx
Part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
29
Oropharynx
Central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
30
Laryngopharynx
Lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
31
Tonsils
Oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
32
Adenoid
Lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
33
Uvula
Small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape
34
Larynx
Voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords
35
Glottis
Opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
36
Epiglottis
A lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
37
Trachea
Windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi
38
Bronchial tree
Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
39
Right and left bronchus
Two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
40
Bronchioles
Progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
41
Alveoli
Thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
42
Lungs
Two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration
43
Lobes
Subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
44
Pleura
Membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
45
Pleural cavity
Potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
46
Diaphragm
Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves upward and downward to aid in respiration
47
Mediastinum
Partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
48
Mucous membranes
Thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
49
Cilia
Hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward
50
Parenchyma
Functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
51
Eupnea
Normal breathing
52
Bradypnea
Slow breathing
53
Tachypnea
Fast breathing
54
Hypopnea
Shallow breathing
55
Hyperpnea
Deep breathing
56
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
57
Apnea
Inability to breathe
58
Orthopnea
Ability to breathe only in an upright position
59
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Pattern or breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
60
Crackles, rales
Popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
61
Wheezes, rhonchi
High-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
62
Stridor
High-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
63
Caseous necrosis
Degeneration and death or tissue with a cheese-like appearance
64
Cyanosis
Blush coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
65
Dysphonia
Hoarseness
66
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
67
Expectoration
Coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs
68
Sputum
Material expelled from the lungs by coughing
69
Hemoptysis
Coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs
70
Hypercapnia, hypercarbia
Excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
71
Hyperventilation
Excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
72
Hypoxemia
Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
73
Hypoxia
Deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
74
Obstructive lung disorder
Condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
75
Restrictive lung disorder
Condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
76
Pulmonary edema
Fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
77
Pulmonary infiltrate
Density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
78
Rhinorrhea
Thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
79
Asthma
Panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
80
Atelectasis
Collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
81
Bronchiectasis
Abnormal dialation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
82
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
83
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
84
Bronchospasm
Constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
85
Emphysema
Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
86
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
87
Cystic fibrosis
Inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally think, viscous (sticky) mucous that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue
88
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
89
Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), croup
Inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct “seal bark” cough
90
Laryngospasm
Spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
91
Nasal polyposis
Presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
92
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
93
Pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
94
Empyema, pyothorax
Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
95
Hemothorax
Blood in the pleural cavity
96
Pleuritis, pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
97
Pneumoconiosis
Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
98
Pneumonia
Inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
99
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for HIV
100
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
101
Pneumohemothorax
Air and blood in the pleural cavity
102
Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung, often caused by hypersensitivity to chemical or dusts
103
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
104
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
Disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions
105
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses
106
Sleep apnea
Periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
107
Tonsillitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
108
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
109
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
110
pH
Abbreviation for the potential of hydrogen; measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity
111
PaO2
Abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in the blood
112
PaCO2
Abbreviation for partial pressure of carbon dioxide; measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
113
Endoscopy
Examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
114
Bronchoscopy
Use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
115
Nasopharyngoscopy
Use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
116
Examination methods
Techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system
117
Auscultation
To listen; a physical exam method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
118
Percussion
A physical exam method of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest
119
Lung biopsy (Bx)
Removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
120
Lung scan, ventilation-perfusion scan
A two part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made 1) after radioactive material is injected in the pts blood and 2) as the pt breathes radioactive material into the airways; comparison of the two scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation
121
MRI
Non-ionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
122
Polysomnography (PSG)
Recording of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders
123
Pulmonary function testing (PFT)
Direct and indirect measurements of lung volume and capacities
124
Spirometry
Direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
125
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
126
Vital capacity (VC)
Amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
127
Peak flow (PF), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
Measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
128
Pulse oximetry
Noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
129
Radiology
X-ray imaging
130
Chest x-ray
X-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph:
PA= from back to front
AP= from front to back
Lateral= toward the side
131
Computed tomography (CT)
CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
132
Pulmonary angiography
X-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material
133
Adeniodectomy
Excision of the adenoids
134
Lobectomy
Removal of a lobe of a lung
135
Nasal polypectomy
Removal of a nasal polyp
136
Pneumonectomy
Removal of an entire lung
137
Thoracentesis
Puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)
138
Thoracoplasty
Repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
139
Thoracoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope
140
Thoracostomy
Creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
141
Thoracotomy
Incision into the chest
142
Tonsillectomy
Excision of the palatine tonsils
143
Tonsillectomy and adeniodectomy
Excision of the tonsils and adenoids
144
Tracheostomy
Creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
145
Tracheotomy
Incision into the trachea
146
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
147
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
Use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
148
Endotracheal intubation
Passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
149
Incentive spirometry
A common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the pt to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
150
Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical breathing using a ventilator
151
Anticoagulant
A drug that dissolves or prevents the formation of thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels (heparin)
152
Bronchodilator
A drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
153
Expectorant
A drug that brakes up mucous and promotes coughing
