Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
An/o
A
Anus
2
Q
Appendic/o
A
Appendix
3
Q
Bil/i, chol/e
A
Bile
4
Q
Bucc/o
A
Cheek
5
Q
Cheil/o
A
Lip
6
Q
Cyst/o
A
Bladder or sac
7
Q
Dent/i
A
Teeth
8
Q
Doch/o
A
Duct
9
Q
Duoden/o
A
Duodenum
10
Q
Enter/o
A
S. Intestine
11
Q
Gastr/o
A
Stomach
12
Q
Gingiv/o
A
Gum
13
Q
Gloss/o, lingu/o
A
Tongue
14
Q
Herni/o
A
Hernia
15
Q
Ile/o
A
Ileum
16
Q
Jejun/o
A
Jejunum (empty)
17
Q
Lith/o
A
Stone
18
Q
Or/o, stomat/o
A
Mouth
19
Q
Pancreat/o
A
Pancreas
20
Q
Proct/o
A
Anus and rectum
21
Q
Pylor/o
A
Pylorus (gatekeeper)
22
Q
Rect/o
A
Rectum
23
Q
Sial/o
A
Saliva
24
Q
Sigmoid/o
A
Sigmoid colon (resembles)
25
Stent/o
Fat
26
-emesis
Vomiting
27
Oral cavity, mouth
Cavity that receives food for digestion
28
Salivary glands
Three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: the parotid, the submandibular (submaxilkary), and the sublingual glands
29
Cheeks
Lateral walls of the mouth
30
Lips
Fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
31
Palate
Structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate
32
Uvula
Small projection hanging form the back middle edge of the soft palate
33
Tongue
Muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum
34
Gums
Tissue covering the processes of the jaws
35
Teeth
Hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
36
Pharynx
Throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx
37
Esophagus
Muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
38
Stomach
Sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
39
Cardiac sphincter
Opening from the esophagus to the stomach
40
Pyloric sphincter
Opening from the stomach into the duodenum
41
Small intestine
Smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
42
Duodenum
First portion of the small intestine
43
Jejunum
Second portion of the small intestine
44
Ileum
Third portion of the small intestine
45
Large intestine
Larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defacation
46
Cecum
First part of the large intestine
47
Vermiform appendix
Worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection
48
Colon
Potions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape
49
Ascending colon
Portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
50
Transverse colon
Portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
51
Descending colon
Portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
52
Sigmoid colon
Portion of the colon (resembling an S) that terminates at the rectum
53
Rectum
Distal (end) portion of the large intestine
54
Rectal ampulla
Dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
55
Anus
Opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
56
Feces
Waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
57
Defecation
Evacuation of feces from the rectum
58
Peritoneum
Membrane surrounding he entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
59
Peritoneal cavity
Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
60
Omentum
An extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
61
Liver
Organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
62
Gallbladder
Receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver
63
Pancreas
Gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
64
Biliary ducts
Ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
65
Hypochondriac Regions
Upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
66
Epigastric region
Upper middle region below the sternum
67
Lumbar regions
Middle lateral regions
68
Umbilical region
Region of the navel
69
Inguinal regions
Lower lateral groin regions
70
Hypogastric region
Region below the navel
71
Aphagia
Inability to swallow
72
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
73
Buccal
In the cheek
74
Diarrhea
Frequent loose or liquid stools
75
Constipation
Infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass
76
Dyspepsia
Indigestion
77
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
78
Eructation
Belch
79
Flatulence
Gas in the stomach or intestines
80
Halitosis
Bad breath
81
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
82
Hematochezia
Red blood in the stool
83
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
84
Hyperbilirubinemia
Excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood
85
Icterus, jaundice
Yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood
86
Melena
Dark-colored,tarry stool caused by old blood
87
Nausea
Feeling sick in the stomach
88
Steatorrhea
Feces containing fat
89
Sublingual, hypoglossal
Under the tongue
90
Ankyloglossia
Tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum
91
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lip
92
Esophageal varices
Swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
93
Esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus
94
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
95
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
96
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
97
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue
98
Parotiditis , parotitis
Inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps
99
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gastric system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria
100
Gastric ulcer
Ulcer located in the stomach
101
Duodenal ulcer
Ulcer located in the duodenum
102
Pyloric stenosis
Narrowed condition of the pylorus
103
Sialoadenitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland
104
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth
105
Anal fistula
An abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum
106
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
107
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
108
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
109
Colorectal polyps
Benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
110
Pediculated polyp
Projected on a stalk
111
Sessile polyp
Lying flat on the surface
112
Diverticulum
An abnormal side pocket in the gastro tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
113
Diverticulosis
Presence of diverticula in the gastro tract, especially of the colon
114
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula
115
Dysentery
Inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa
116
Enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine
117
Hemorrhoid
Swollen, twisted vein in the anal region
118
Hernia
Protrusion of a part from its normal location
119
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
120
Inguinal hernia
Protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
121
Incarcerated hernia
Hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
122
Strangulated hernia
Hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
123
Umbilical hernia
Protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
124
Ileitis
Inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
125
Intussusception
Prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part
126
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum
127
Proctitis
Inflammation of the rectum and anus
128
Volvulus
Twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
129
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the bile ducts
130
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
131
Choledocholithiasis
Presence of stones in the common bile duct
132
Cholelithiasis
Presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
133
Cirrhosis
Chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency
134
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
135
Hepatitis A
Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through focal contamination of food or water
136
Hepatitis B
Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
137
Hepatitis C
Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus, which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
138
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
139
Biopsy (Bx)
Removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination
140
Incisional biopsy
Removal of a portion of a lesion
141
Excisional biopsy
Removal of an entire lesion
142
Needle biopsy
Percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle
143
Endoscopy
Examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastro tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
144
Colonoscopy
Examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
145
Proctoscopy
Examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope
146
Sigmoidoscopy
Examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidscope
147
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.
148
Capsule endoscopy
Examination of the s. Intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine because of its length and complexity
149
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes the use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions, etc
150
Laparoscopy
Examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
151
Upper gastrointestinal series
X-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
152
Barium swallow
X-ray of the esophagus only; used to locate swallowed objects
153
Fluoroscopy
X-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion
154
Small bowl series
X-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
155
Lower gastrointestinal series, barium enema
X-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
156
Chloangiogram
X-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
157
Cholecystogram
X-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
158
Abdominal sonogram
Ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures
159
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
Images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower gastro tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle biopsy of tissue and in determining the stage of a malignancy
160
Stool culture and sensitivity
Isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
161
Stool occult blood study
Chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the gastro tract
162
Abdominocentesis
Puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
163
Abdominal paracentesis
Puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
164
Anal fistulectomy
Excision of an anal fistula
165
Anastomosis
Union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowl surgery
166
Appendectomy
Excision of a disease appendix
167
Bariatric surgery
Treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsoptive techniques that limit the absorption of the food
168
Cheiloplasty
Repair of the lip
169
Cholecystectomy
Excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease
170
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
171
Colostomy
Creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased potion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
172
Esophagoplasty
Repair of the esophagus
173
Gastrectomy
Partial or complete removal of the stomach
174
Gastric resection
Partial removal and repair of the stomach
175
Gastroenterostomy
Formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
176
Glossectomy
Excision of all or part of the tongue
177
Glossorraphy
Suture of the tongue
178
Hemorrhoidectomy
Excision of a hemorrhoid
179
Hepatic lobectomy
Excision of a lobe of the liver
180
Herniorrhaphy, hernioplasty
Repair of a hernia
181
Ileostomy
Surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases
182
Laparoscopic surgery
Abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
183
Laparotomy
Incision into the abdomen
184
Pancreatectomy
Excision of the pancreas
185
Polypectomy
Excision of poylps
186
Proctoplasty
Repair of the anus and rectum
187
Gastric lavage
Oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for exam and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding
188
Nasogastric intubation
Insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
189
Antacid
Drug that neutralizes stomach acid
190
Antiemetic
Drug that prevents or stops vomiting
191
Antispasmodic
Drug that decreases motility in the gastro tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
192
Cathartic
Drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
