Endocrine System Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Aden/o
A
Gland
2
Q
Adren/o, adrenal/o
A
Adrenal gland
3
Q
Andr/o
A
Male
4
Q
Crin/o
A
To secrete
5
Q
Dips/o
A
Thirst
6
Q
Hormon/o
A
Hormone
7
Q
Ket/o, keton/o
A
Ketone bodies
8
Q
Pancreat/o
A
Pancreas
9
Q
Thym/o
A
Thymus gland
10
Q
Thyr/o, thyroid/o
A
Thyroid gland
11
Q
Adrenal glands, suprarenal glands
A
Located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
12
Q
Steroid hormones
A
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
13
Q
Glucocorticoids
A
Regulars carbohydrate metabolism and have Antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid
14
Q
Mineral corticosteroids
A
Maintain salt and water balance
15
Q
Androgens
A
Influence development and maintenance of make sex characteristics, for example, facial hair and deep voice
16
Q
Catecholamines
A
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response
17
Q
Epinephrine, adrenaline
A
Secreted in response or physical injury
18
Q
Norepinephrine
A
Secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress
19
Q
Ovaries
A
Located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis; secrete estrogen and progesterone
20
Q
Estrogen
A
Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics
21
Q
Progesterone
A
Regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy
22
Q
Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
A
Endocrine tissue within the pancreas; secretes insulin and glucagon
23
Q
Insulin
A
A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
24
Q
Glucagon
A
A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar
25
Parathyroid glands
Two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone
26
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
27
Pineal gland
Located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin
28
Melatonin
Exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty
29
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
30
Pituitary gland, hypophysis
Located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, LH, melanocyte stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
31
Anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
32
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulated secretion from thyroid gland
33
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
34
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm on males
35
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes
36
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Affects skin pigmentation
37
Growth hormone (GH)
Influences growth
38
Prolactin, lactogenic hormone
Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
39
Posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
40
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
41
Oxytocin
Influences uterine contraction
42
Testes
Located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone
43
Testosterone
Affects masculinization and reproduction
44
Thymus gland
Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin
45
Thymosin
Regulates immune response
46
Thyroid gland
Located in the front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
47
Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
Known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
48
Calcitonin
Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
49
Exophthalmos, exophthalmus
Protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
50
Glucosuria, glycosuria
Glucose in the urine
51
Hirsutism
Shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places
52
Hypercalcemia
An abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
53
Hypocalcemia
An abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
54
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
55
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
56
Hyperkalemia
An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
57
Hypokalemia
Deficient level of potassium in the blood
58
Hypersecretion
Abnormally increased secretion
59
Hyposecretion
Abnormally decreased secretion
60
Ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis
Presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes starvation
61
Metabolism
All chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
62
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
63
Polyuria
Excessive urination
64
Cushing syndrome
A collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often because of a tumor), or, more commonly, occurs as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones, such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with strips, hypertension, and osteoporosis
65
Adrenal virilism
Excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice
66
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria
67
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the pt is dependent on insulin for survival
68
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the pt usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
69
Hyperinsulinism
A condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
70
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
71
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
72
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
73
Acromegaly
Disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by Hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
74
Pituitary dwarfism
A condition of congenital Hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature; often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects
75
Pituitary gigantism
A condition of Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
76
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
77
Hyperthyroidism
A condition of Hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc
78
Graves’ disease
The most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic
79
Hypothyroidism
A condition of Hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often, obsesity
80
Myxedema
Advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin
81
Cretinism
Condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that result in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical statue; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
82
Blood sugar (BS), blood glucose
Measurement of the level of sugar in the blood
83
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Measurement of blood sugar level after fasting for 12hrs
84
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Measurement of blood sugar level after a meal
85
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, the measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours
86
Glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc)
A molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
87
Electrolyte panel
Measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with CO2 (for incorrect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood ; electrolytes are essential for maintain water balance as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity
88
Thyroid function study
Measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH
89
Urine sugar and ketone studies
Chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes
90
Thyroid uptake and image
Radionuclide scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
91
Adrenalectomy
Excision of the adrenal glands
92
Hypophysectomy
Excision of the pituitary gland
93
Pancreatectomy
Excision of the pancreas
94
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of the parathyroid glands
95
Thymectomy
Excision of the thymus gland
96
Thyroidectomy
Excision of the thyroid gland
97
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), insulin pump therapy
Use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic pt
98
Radioiodine therapy
Use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility
99
Antidiabetic drug
Any of the several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus
100
Antithyroid drug
An agent that blacks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism
101
Hormone replacement therapy
Treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency
102
Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic
A drug that lowers the blood glucose level
