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Clinical Pathology > Blood Transfusion and Crossmatching > Flashcards

Blood Transfusion and Crossmatching Flashcards

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0
Q

The classification system based on the presence or absence of an inherited antigen on the surface of RBCs is known as what?

A

Blood group or blood type

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1
Q

What is a molecule that induces an immune response known as?

A

Antigen

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2
Q

A series of related blood types determined by species specific antigens on the surface of RBCs is known as what?

A

Blood systems

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3
Q

Antibodies produced against another blood types of the same species are known as what?
What was the former name?

A
  • Isoantibody

- Alloantibody

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4
Q

Where are isoantibodies found?

A

In plasma

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5
Q

Can isoantibodies be naturally occurring?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do isoantibodies require exposure to an antigen?

A

Some do

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7
Q

What are the 2 major blood systems of humans?

A
  • ABO system (complex)

- Rh system (simple)

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8
Q

The numerous minor blood systems seen in humans may cause what?
Do most cause this?

A
  • Minor transfusion reaction

- No

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9
Q

What are the 2 antigen types of the ABO system?

A
  • A

- B

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10
Q

What are the 4 blood types of the ABO system?

A
  • A
  • B
  • O
  • AB
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11
Q

Which human blood system requires exposure to the antigen before isoantibodies are produced?

A

Rh blood system

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12
Q

What are 2 major goals of a blood transfusion?

One minor goal?

A
  • Give RBCs, minimize donor RBC destruction

- Minimize recipient RBC destruction

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13
Q

If donor blood contains only a small amount of antibody, this causes what?

A

Minimal damage to the recipients’s RBCs.

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14
Q

If the transfusion recipient has lots of antibodies, what do these antibodies do?

A

Quickly targets the relatively low number of donor RBCs.

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15
Q

What are 2 types of possible transfusion reactions?

A
  • Hemolytic transfusion reaction

- Non-hemolytic transfusion reactions

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16
Q

Donor’s RBCs are destroyed by the patients’s immune system causing hemolysis with which type of transfusion reaction?

A

Hemolytic transfusion reaction

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17
Q

Febrile and allergic reactions can be seen with what type of transfusion reaction?

A

Non-hemolytic transfusion reaction

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18
Q

What are 2 types of isoerythrolysis?

A
  • Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis

- Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (Fading Kitten Syndrome)

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19
Q

With what conditions has the mother been previously exposed to foreign RBC antigens?
What are 2 examples of possible exposure sources?

A
  • Equine/Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

- Blood transfusion, previous pregnancy

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20
Q

With Equine/Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis, the mother transmits what to her offspring?

A

Antibodies to her offspring that have alien RBC antigens through colostrum.

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21
Q

How many major blood systems to dogs have?

How many do we care about?

A
  • 8

- 2

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22
Q

What does DEA stand for?

A

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen

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23
Q

How many antigens are seen per blood type with the DEA blood system?

A

Single antigen per type

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24
How many DEA blood types are there?
7
25
What are the 2 major canine blood systems that we care about?
- Dog Erythrocyte Antigen blood system | - Dal blood system
26
Can dogs have more than one RBC blood type?
Yes
27
What are the 2 most immunogenic blood types seen with the DEA blood system? About what percentage of the population have each of these?
- DEA 1.1: 45% | - DEA 1.2: 20%
28
What happens during the first exposure of DEA 1.1 or DEA 1.2 antigen to a naive patient?
Stimulates antibody production.
29
What happens on second exposure of DEA 1.1 or DEA 1.2 antigen to a naive patient?
ABs incite strong agglutination and hemolysis.
30
What are 2 blood types that can commonly be co-expressed with other blood types with the DEA blood system?
- DEA 4 | - DEA 6
31
DEA 4 and 6 are expressed in what percentage of dogs?
98%
32
With DEA 4 and 6, most dogs carry the antigen, but do not develop what?
Antibodies
33
Because most dogs have DEA 4 and 6 blood types, is it common or rare to get a transfusion reaction?
Rare
34
Dogs that are only DEA 4+ and/or DEA 6+ are often used as what?
Universal donors
35
Which 2 antigens are considered low incidence antigens since most dogs do not carry them?
- DEA 3 | - DEA 5
36
Since most dogs do not have the blood types DEA 3 and DEA 5, is it common or rare to get a transfusion reaction?
Rare
37
What can occur with the blood types DEA 3 and DEA 5?
Natural alloantibodies
38
Which canine blood type may elicit an antibody response?
DEA 7
39
Which 3 DEAs have been reported in delayed transfusion reactions?
- DEA 3 - DEA 5 - DEA 7
40
Which breed is the Dal blood system seen in ?
Dalmatians
41
How many antigens are seen with the Dal blood system?
A single antigen - Dal
42
The Dal blood system is ubiquitous in what breeds?
Non-Dalmatians
43
For Dalmatians that lack the Dal antigen, what is seen on the first transfusion? The second transfusion?
- Develop Dal antigen | - Either ineffective or the dogs develop transfusion reactions
44
Dalmatians are at risk for what?
Acute and delayed onset of hemolytic transfusion reactions.
45
What are the 2 blood systems seen in cats?
- AB group system | - Mik system
46
What are the 3 possible blood types of the AB group system in cats?
- Type A - Type B - Type AB
47
What is the blood type seen with the Mik system in cats?
Mik
48
T/F: All cats have naturally occurring alloantibodies.
True
49
T/F: You do not need to blood type cats prior to transfusion.
False - Blood type all cats prior to transfusion.
50
Do cats have universal donors?
No
51
Which blood type is most common in cats?
Type A
52
What percentage of cats have Type a blood?
> 95%
53
Type A cats have weak isoantibodies against which blood type?
Type B
54
Is Type B more common or less common in cats than Type A?
Less common
55
25-50% of which cats have Type B blood?
British Breeds
56
Type B cats have a strong natural isoantibodies against which other blood type?
Type A
57
What can happen if a cat with Type B blood is given Type A?
Severe and lethal transfusion reactions
58
Which blood type in cats is at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Type B
59
Which blood type in cats is known as the universal recipient?
Type AB
60
Which blood type in cats is considered as very rare?
Type AB
61
Are most cats Mik antigen positive or negative?
Positive
62
What do cats without the Mik antigen have?
Mik alloantibodies
63
Blood from Mik positive cats given to Mik negative cats results in what?
Acute post-transfusion hemolysis
64
Is blood typing for the Mik antigen in cats widely available?
No
65
Are natural alloantibodies common or rare in equines, ruminants and camelids?
Rare
66
Large animal blood typing is impractical except in what species?
Horses
67
Large animal transfusions are uncommon except in what species?
Horses
68
With large animals, single whole blood transfusion tend to be well-tolerated or not tolerated?
Well-tolerated
69
What should be done for repeated transfusion and plasma transfusion in large animals?
Crossmatch
70
T/F: There are many blood groups with extreme genetic variation seen in cattle.
True
71
What are 2 potential complications that can be seen with vaccination of blood origin in cattle?
- May sensitize a cow to foreign RBC antigens | - Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in subsequent calves
72
How many blood systems do horses have?
7

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