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Hematology Flashcards

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0
Q

Which 3 types of cells can undergo maturation and proliferation?

A
  • Myeloblast
  • Progranulocyte
  • Myelocyte
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1
Q

Which cells only undergo maturation and cannot proliferate?

A
  • Metamyelocyte
  • Band
  • Segmented neutrophil
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2
Q

What does “penia” mean?

A

Decreased concentration of cells.

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3
Q

What does “philia” or “cytosis” mean?

A

Increased concentration of cells.

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4
Q

What does “left shift” mean?

A

Increased concentration of immature neutrophils in the blood (usually band neutrophils, sometimes metamyelocytes).

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5
Q

Left shifts can occur with what 3 conditions?

A
  • Neutrophilia
  • Normal concentration of neutrophils
  • Neutropenia
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6
Q

You see a more severe inflammatory response with what condition?

A

Neutropenia

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7
Q

What does “orderly” maturation refer to?

A

Concentration of each cell increases with the degree of maturity.

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8
Q

What are 2 things that disorderly maturation indicative of?

A
  • Very severe consumption

- Neoplastic process present

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9
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Presence of neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow.

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10
Q

What are 4 possible acquired changes in leukocyte morphology?

A
  • Neutrophil “toxic” change
  • Increased basophilia of cytoplasm
  • Presence of Dohle bodies
  • Cytoplasmic vacuolation
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11
Q

Is neutrophil hypersegmentation an important finding?

A

No

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12
Q

What is neutrophil hypersegmentation the result of?

Does it occur in vivo or in vitro?

A
  • Normal aging of the neutrophil.

- Both

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13
Q

What does the term neutrophil degeneration describe?

What do you see with it?

A
  • Neutrophils that are no longer in circulation.

- Marked cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear swelling, leading to cell lysis.

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14
Q

What are 4 examples of inherited neutrophil abnormalities?

A
  • Pelger-Huet anomaly
  • Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly
  • Chediak-Higashi syndrome
  • Lysosomal storage disorders with neutrophil granulation
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15
Q

In what species can you see the Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A

In every species

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16
Q

What is the characteristic feature of the Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A

Failure of neutrophil nucleus to segment.

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17
Q

When an animal present with Pelger-Huet anomaly, is it most often heterozygous or homozygous for the condition?

A

Heterozygous

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18
Q

If an animal presents with high band neutrophil counts, but appears physically normally, what inherited neutrophil abnormality might it have?

A

Pelger-Huet anomaly

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19
Q

Do the neutrophils seen with Pelger-Huet anomaly function as well as normal neutrophils?
Is this clinically important?

A
  • No

- No

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20
Q

Is Pelger-Huet anomaly a life-long condition?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What other type of leukocyte is affected in Pelger-Huet anomaly?
How?

A
  • Eosinophils

- Nucleus fails to segment

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22
Q

What is a main characteristic of Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?

A

Distinct granules in cytoplasm of neutrophils.

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23
Q

What other inherited neutrophil abnormality can Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly be mistaken for?

A

Lysosomal storage disease

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24
Approximately how many Birman cats have Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?
50%
25
Is the presence of Birman cat neutrophil anomaly clinically significant?
No
26
Will you see granulation of lymphocytes with Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly?
No
27
Will you see granulation in lymphocytes with lysosomal storage disease?
Yes
28
What is a characteristic feature of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
Lysosomal fusion
29
With Chediak-Higashi syndrome, what can fuse causing the cell to have a grayish appearance?
Melanin granules
30
What species/breed is Chediak-Higashi most commonly seen in?
Persian cats
31
Do neutrophils function normally in Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
No
32
What may also be abnormal with Chediak-Higashi syndrome that may lead to a tendency to bleed?
Platelets
33
How many different lysosomal storage diseases are there?
Over 60
34
What is often missing with a lysosomal storage disease? | What does this determine?
- An enzyme | - What clinical signs will be presented
35
It is common to see what kind of abnormalities with lysosomal storage diseases?
Joint abnormalities
36
Which 2 inherited lymphocyte abnormalities may result in cytoplasmic granulation or vacuolation?
- Mucopolysaccharidosis | - GM2 gangliosidosis
37
What are 4 examples of inherited lymphocyte abnormalities that result in only cytoplasmic vacuolation?
- Alpha mannosidosis - Niemann Pick disease types A, B, C - Acid lipase deficiency - Fucosidosis
38
Which 2 inherited lymphocyte abnormalities do not result in severe progressive neurological disease?
- Mucopolysaccharide | - Acid lipase deficiency
39
Is it important to have a fresh blood sample what looking for a lysosomal storage disorder?
Yes
40
What can cause acquired lymphocyte vacuolation? | How?
- Ingestion of plants containing swainsonine (locoweed). | - Inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, resulting in an acquired lysosomal disease similar to alpha mannosidosis.
41
Consumption of neutrophils during an inflammatory response leads to what?
Increased production and early release from the marrow.
42
What is the total neutrophil count dependent on?
Balance between consumption and production.
43
What does the "fight or flight" response cause?
Increased blood flow through microcirculation resulting in a shift of leukocytes from marginated pool to circulating pool.
44
How much can the "fight or flight" response increase leukocyte concentrations?
2X fold
45
What is the most prominent feature of feline excitement response?
Lymphocytosis
46
Do excitement responses occur in dogs?
Seldom
47
Is it common to see excitement response in species other than cats?
No
48
What are 2 physical causes of lymphocytosis?
- Splenic contraction | - lymphatic duct emptying
49
What is seen in a stress response?
An increase in endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids.
50
The stress response can be seen with what?
- Illness - Pain - Metabolic disturbances - Treatment with corticosteroids - Corticosteroid producing tumors
51
Key feature seen with stress leukogram us what? | What can also be seen? What is the upper limit?
- Lymphopenia - Neutrophilia (segmented neutrophils): 2X fold upper limit of reference range (if higher that this, due to inflammation not stress).
52
Do you see an increase in band neutrophils with a stress leukogram?
No - seen with inflammation.
53
T/F: Eosinopenia can be seen with a stress leukogram.
True
54
Are all neutrophilias due to inflammation?
No - some due to stress
55
What condition should you consider if seeing a lack of a steroid response in a sick animal?
Hypoadrenocorticism
56
With inflammation neutrophilia, what should be seen?
Left shift, or neutrophil concentration greater than 2X upper limit of reference interval.
57
With excitement neutrophilia, what should be seen?
Lymphocytosis, no left shift.
58
With stress neutrophilila, what should be seen?
Lymphopenia, no left shift.
59
Can combinations of inflammation, excitement and stress neutrophilias be seen?
Yes
60
What are some causes for lymphocytosis?
- Excitement response - Neoplastic lymphoproliferative disease - Antigenic stimulation (rare in dogs, cats - except with canine ehrlichiosis)
61
What type of lymphocytes can be seen with ehrlichiosis? What else?
- Large granular lymphocytes | - Gammopathy (increased levels of globulin concentration)
62
Do all dogs with ehrlichiosis have lymphocytosis?
No
63
What are 3 causes of neutropenia?
- Consumption within inflammatory lesion - Immune mediated destruction - Lack of production by bone marrow
64
Neutropenia is not as big a concern in what species?
Cattle
65
Is neutropenia caused by bone marrow reversible or irreversible?
Can be either.
66
Canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia and chemotherapeutic drugs can cause what kind of neutropenia?
Reversible neutropenia cause by lack of production by bone marrow.
67
FeLV can cause what kind of neutropenia?
Irreversible neutropenia caused by lack of production by bone marrow.
68
What are 3 possible causes of lymphopenia? | Which one is considered rare?
- Steroid response - Acute viral infections - Immunodeficiency (rare)
69
What is the most common cause of lymphopenia?
Steroid response
70
Monocytosis can be caused by what?
- Inflammation | - Stress response
71
Monocytosis can be seen with what other condition?
Immune mediated neutropenia
72
What are 3 possible causes of eosinophilia?
- Parasitism - Hypersensitivity - Lesions producing eosinophil
73
Basophilia can be seen with what other condition?
Eosinophilia

Clinical Pathology (12 decks)

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