Intro Flashcards
(92 cards)
0
Q
What does PCV stand for?
A
Packed cell volume
1
Q
What does CBC stand for?
A
Complete blood count
2
Q
What does retics stand for?
A high value can indicate what condition?
A
- Reticulocytes (immature red blood cells)
- Anemia
3
Q
What does T Prot stand for?
Low value indicates what? High value?
A
- Total protein in plasma
- Low: blood loss/ High: anemia
4
Q
Name 3 possible causes of anemia.
A
- Bone marrow not working properly
- Losing blood
- Red blood cells being destroyed
5
Q
What does the PCV represent?
A
The percentage of blood that is composed of red blood cells
6
Q
What does NCC stand for?
A
Nucleated cell count
7
Q
In what type of animals do you find nucleated red blood cells?
A
Non-mammals
8
Q
What is the most common reason for a low leukocyte count?
A
Stress- release of cortisol
9
Q
What is a typical stain used for blood films?
A
Wright’s stain
10
Q
What are 2 changes seen in red blood cells presenting with Heinz bodies?
A
- Changes in antigenicity of cell
- Cell becomes less flexible
11
Q
What is the brilliant cresyl blue stain used to identify?
A
Reticulocytes
12
Q
What are some causes of Heinz bodies?
Which is the most common?
A
- Metabolic acidosis caused by ketones
- Onions, garlic, leeks
- Propyldisulfide
- Diabetes
- Acetaminophen (most common)
13
Q
Which species is the most susceptible to Heinz body formation?
A
Cats
14
Q
What can cause elevated albumin levels?
A
Dehydration
15
Q
High cholesterol can be seen in cats with what condition?
A
Diabetes
16
Q
What is T CO2 equivalent to?
A
Bicarbonate
17
Q
What does the mean platelet count measure?
A
The average size of the platelets.
18
Q
What does the mean cell volume measure?
A
The average size of the RBCs.
19
Q
What is a reticulocyte?
A
An immature RBC
20
Q
What do large platelets indicate?
A
Early release of immature platelets.
21
Q
How do you calculate absolute nucleated blood cell differential values?
A
% x total nucleated cell count
22
Q
How do you calculate absolute reticulocyte count?
A
% reticulocytes x RBC count
23
Q
What does MCV stand for?
A
Mean cell volume
24
What are 2 causes of regenerative anemia?
- Blood loss
| - Blood destruction
25
What are acanthocytes?
Spiculated RBCs
26
What are schistocytes?
Broken RBCs
27
If plasma protein is in the normal range with a regenerative anemia, is the cause more likely to be RBC destruction or blood loss?
Blood loss
28
What are spherocytes?
Round, ball shaped RBCs
29
What type of condition are spherocytes indicative of?
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
30
What are small RBCs indicative of?
Iron deficiency anemia
31
T/F: It is normal for puppies to have slightly low plasma protein levels and PCVs.
True
32
T/F: Milk is normally iron rich.
False - it is iron poor.
33
What does MCHC stand for?
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
34
What is special about the red top tubes?
| What are they used for?
- No anticoagulant
| - Biochemical profile
35
What does the lavender top tube contain?
| What is it used for?
- The anticoagulant EDTA
| - CBC
36
What do green tops contain?
| What are they used for?
- Heparin
| - Specific tests such as lead concentration.
37
What do blue tops contain?
| What are they used for?
- Citrate
| - Coagulation tests
38
What do gray tops contain?
| What are they used for?
- Fluoride
| - Inhibits glucose metabolism
39
What is the red and black top used for?
To separate serum from RBCs without transferring serum to a different tube.
40
How much blood do CBCs and chemical profiles require?
Approximately 5 ml
41
If tissue contamination results in activation of platelets with resulting clot formation, what can that lead to?
Erroneously low platelet count.
42
It is recommended to not use any needle smaller than what size when filling a tube in order to prevent cell lysis?
20 gauge
43
T/F: Ratio of blood to anticoagulant is designed to be appropriate by amount of vacuum.
True
44
If a lavender top tube is not filled enough, what will the excess EDTA cause?
Erythrocytes to shrink, resulting in an erroneous decrease in PCV and MCV.
45
What are the 2 options for using the blood for a CBC that you have to do within one hour?
- Make blood film
| - Refrigerate tube
46
Can you refrigerate a blood film?
| Why?
- No
| - Condensation causes cells to lyse.
47
Can you freeze blood to be used for a CBC?
| Why?
- No
| - Freezing lyses cells.
48
What happens to RBCs if blood is allowed to sit at room temperature for 24 hours or more?
Erythrocytes swell, resulting in increase in MCV.
49
How long should blood to be used for a biochemical profile be allowed to clot?
15-30 minutes
50
Do you centrifuge blood that is to be used for a biochemical profile?
Yes
51
How do you separate the serum from centrifuged blood from the clot?
With a pipette.
52
What do you do with the harvested serum until it can be analyzed?
Refrigerate it.
53
If harvested serum can't be analyzed within 2 days, what should be done with it?
Freeze it.
54
Are all serum enzymes stable?
No, but most are.
55
What is an important step to perform before any blood analyses due to the fact that cells settle out?
Blood mixing
56
What are 2 ways to mix blood?
- Manually
| - With a tilting rack or wheel
57
In what species do RBCs settle out very quickly?
Horses
58
What is the percentage of whole blood composed of the RBCs known as?
Packed Cell Volume
59
What is another term for Packed Cell Volume?
Hematocrit
60
When is the packed cell volume measured?
After centrifugation.
61
What percentage of a capillary tube do you fill with blood?
70-90% of its length.
62
If there is a purple mark at the end of a capillary tube, what does that mean?
The tube contains an anti-coagulant.
63
When centrifuging a capillary tube, the clay stopper side should be where?
To the outside.
64
Do you include the buffy coat in a PCV reading?
No
65
What are 3 things the buffy coat may include?
- Leukocytes
- Nucleated RBCs
- Platelets
66
If plasma has a yellow pigmentation, what is this suggestive of?
What can this be due to in large animals?
- Icterus (increased bilirubin concentration in the blood).
| - Carotene pigments associated with diet.
67
If plasma is white or opaque, what can this indicate?
| What are 2 reasons for this?
- Lipemia (chylomicrons)
| - Postprandial collection or diseases associated with abnormalities in lipid metabolism.
68
How long should you hold an animal off food before taking a blood sample?
12 hours
69
Red coloration in the plasma is due to what?
| What can this be the result of?
- Hemoglobin in plasma
| - Hemolysis
70
What are 2 possible in-vitro causes of hemolysis?
- Technique
| - Presence of lipemia
71
What is a possible in-vivo cause of hemolysis?
Hemolytic anemia
72
If the PVC is not decreased when there is red discoloration of the plasma, is the cause more likely in-vivo or in-vitro?
In-vitro
73
What are used to estimate the concentration of solute in fluid, since solute bends light passing through the fluid proportionate to the solute concentration?
Refractometer
74
What is used to measure the refractive index relative to distilled water?
Refractometer
75
What are 2 things refractometer are used in clinical diagnostics to estimate?
- Plasma protein
| - Urine specific gravity
76
Is the protein concentration measured by a refractometer an exact figure or an estimate?
An estimate
77
What are 4 things that may artificially increase a protein concentration estimate measured by a refractometer?
- Lipemia
- Urea
- Glucose
- Cholesterol
78
Where is the best place to break a capillary tube that has be centrifuged in order to get the serum out?
Right above the buffy coat.
79
If plasma protein abnormalities are found, what should you follow up with?
Biochemical measurement of albumin and globulin in serum.
80
How do you measure globulin?
Total protein minus albumin.
81
Increased albumin is always due to what?
Dehydration
82
If total protein and PCV are both increased, this suggests what?
Dehydration
83
If total protein and PCV are both decreased, this suggests what?
Blood loss
84
Total leukocyte concentration is actually what?
Total nucleated cell count
85
T/F: By itself, total nucleated cell count is not very useful for interpretative purposes.
True
86
What is the total nucleated cell count primarily used to calculate?
Is this determined before or after performing the differential cell count?
- The concentration of specific leukocyte types.
| - After
87
Stained blood films are an essential tool for what 2 things?
- Determining concentration of individual leukocyte types.
| - Evaluating morphologic abnormalities of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets.
88
What is the best technique for blood film preparation?
| Do you do it quickly or slowly?
- Push technique
| - Quickly
89
Is it better to push away from or toward the frosted edge when preparing a blood film?
Away from the frosted edge.
90
Does the blood film need to be completely dry before staining?
Yes
91
"Diff-Quick" is a modification of what type of stain?
Wright stain
