Body & Body Systems Continued Again Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
a blank exists across every neuron’s plasma membrane
A
potential difference
2
Q
cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane is blank
A
negative
3
Q
extracellular fluid side is blank in a plasma membrane
A
positive
4
Q
cytoplasm is negatively charged because of this
A
sodium potassium pump
5
Q
sodium potassium pump brings two blank into cell for every three blank pumped out
A
K+, Na+
6
Q
away from poles and toward neutral in terms of voltage
A
depolarization
7
Q
depolarization makes the membrane potential more blank
A
positive
8
Q
blank makes it extremely negative in terms of voltage
A
hyperpolarization
9
Q
a change in membrane potential that moves down the membrane
A
action potentials
10
Q
one change in voltage after another along the axon
A
action potentials
11
Q
depolarization, hyperpolarization, resting are how the blank moves down the axon
A
action potential
12
Q
action potentials are proliferated by blank channels
A
voltage-gated ion
13
Q
two voltage gated ion channels
A
Na+ and K+
14
Q
Na+ channels open blank
A
first
15
Q
K+ channels open blank
A
second
16
Q
Na+ causes and influx of Na+ ions causing blank
A
depolarization
17
Q
K+ channel allows in K+ ions and causes blank
A
hyperpolarization
18
Q
When depolarization occurs, the change in charge is detected by the blank Na+ channels
A
adjacent
19
Q
Once the cytoplasm is blank enough, the next channel with blank
A
positive, open
20
Q
the point where sodium is either allowed in or not of the axon
A
threshold
21
Q
sodium comes in and causes blank
A
depolarization
22
Q
potassium goes out and causes blank
A
hyperpolarization
23
Q
Three phases of action potential
A
undershoot, resting potential, axon terminal
24
Q
the signal moves down the axon until the axon blank
A
terminal
25
intercellular junctions between neurons
synapses
26
these cells transmit action potential
presynaptic cell
27
these cells receive the action potential
postsynaptic cells
28
chemical synapses have a blank
synaptic cleft
29
this is the space between two cells
synaptic cleft
30
end of presynaptic axon terminal contains blank
synaptic vesicles
31
these synaptic vesicles are packed with blank
neurotransmitters
32
action potential blanks to the other side of the cleft
diffuses
33
neurotransmitters activate blank channels on the postsynaptic cell
ligand gated ion
34
blank induce opening of the channel in ligand gated ion channels
neurotransmitters
35
blank cause changes in cell membranes permeability
neurotransmitters
36
how are neurotransmitters terminated after they are used?
broken down by enzymes
37
two ways to increase velocity of conduction
axon has a large diameter or axon is myelinated
38
axon having a large diameter is primarily found in blank
invertebrates
39
humans axons are blank which increases velocity of conduction
myelinated
40
spaces between myelin sheet
nodes of Ranvier
41
action potential is produced here
nodes of Ranvier
42
impulse jumps from node to node
saltatory conduction
43
prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter may cause cells to lose the ability to respond to it. this is called
habituation
44
affects the brain's pleasure pathways and inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitter and can eventually result in habituation
cocaine
45
when using cocaine, the number of blank to reestablish homeostasis decreases in cells
receptors
46
cocaine use results in a blank neuron activity in normal conditions
decreased
47
the only major phylum without nerves
sponges
48
the simplest nervous system belongs to blank
cnidarians
49
neurons linked to each other in a blank
nerve net
50
a nerve net has no blank neurons
associative
51
a cnidarian is a big blank machine
reflex
52
free-living playhelminthes are the simplest animals with blank activity
associative
53
all other nervous systems are elaborations on the blank model
playhelminth
54
earthworms have a blank that connect to the periphery
cns
55
arthropods have blank centers in the fron and branching blank chords
coordination, nerve
56
cephalopods have several giant blank that connect to a blank brain
giant, large
57
a vertebrate brain is an enlargement of the blank portion of the nerve cord
anterior
58
three basic division of the simplest vertebrate brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
59
the dominant feature of the brain in vertebrattes
forebrain
60
the increase in brain size in blank reflects the great enlargement of the blank
mammals, cerebrum
61
cerebrum has right and left blank which are connected by the blank
cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum
62
four lobes of hemispheres of brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
63
integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory informatino
thalamus
64
integrates visceral activites, controls the pituitary gland and is part of the blank system
hypothalamus, limbic
65
system responsible for emotional responses
limbic system
66
a cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone
spinal cord
67
spinal cord is enclosed and protected by the vertebral column and the
meninges
68
serves as the body's information highway
spinal cord
69
spinal cord also functions in blank
reflexes
70
the knee jerk reflex is blank which means no interneuron
monosynaptic
71
no interneuron
monosynaptic
72
most reflexes in vertebrates involve a single blank
interneuron
73
the blank nervous system consists of nerves and ganglia
pns
74
are bundles of axons bound by connective tissue
nerves
75
are aggregates of neuron cell bodies
ganglia
76
blank motor neurons stimulate the skeletal muscles to contract
somatic
77
somatic nervous system involves only one blank neuron
motor
78
nervous system with subconscious control
autonomic
79
motor pathway has blank neurons in autonomic nervous system
two
80
the first neuron exits the cns and synapses at autonomic blank
ganglia
81
the second neuron exits the ganglion and regulates blank in motor pathway of ans
effectors
82
two division of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic
83
fight or flight, reduce digestion, increase alertness, increase respiration
sympathetic
84
division of ans with slow heart rate/breathing, increase digestive functions and relaxed
parasympathetic division
85
two times of stimuli that sensory receptors sense
exteroceptors and interoceptors
86
three classes of receptors
mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, energy detecting receptors
87
receptors stimulated by mechanical forces like pressure
mechanoreceptors
88
receptors that detect chemicals or chemical changes
chemoreceptors
89
four steps in process of sensory info being percieved
stimulation, transduction, transmission, interpretation
90
receptor potential in sensory cell is created in this step
transduction
91
action potential in sensory neuron in this step
transmission
92
sensory cells respond to stimuli via blank channels
stimulus gated ion
93
depolarization of the receptor cell occurs which is referred to as blank in stimulus gated ion channels
receptor potential
94
only responds to a specific kind of stimulus
stimulus gated ion channels
95
these are mechanoreceptors that transmit impulses based on cell damage
nociceptors
96
pain is the interpretation of blank
nociceptors
97
free nerve endings are located throughout the blank
body
98
there are blank nerve endings where damage is most likely to occur
free
99
mechanoreceptors that are naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons and are sensitive to changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
100
thermoreceptors contain blank channels that are responsive to hot and cold
ion
101
blank receptors are located higher in the skin and are much more numerous than blank receptors
cold, warm
102
several types of mechanoreceptors detect blank
touch
103
how many components of sense of touch
six
104
mechanoreceptors that monitor muscle length and tension
proprioceptors
105
two things that provide information about the relative position or movement of animal's body parts
muscle spindels, golgi tendon organs
106
mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure
baroreceptors
107
baroreceptors are a branched network of afferent neurons in the blank and blank
carotid sinus, aortic arch
108
these mechanoreceptors detect tension or stretch in wallls of blood vessels
baroreceptors
109
when blood pressure decreases, the frequency of impulse blanks in baroreceptros
decreases
110
specialized cells with cytoplasmic extensions are called blank in hair cells
stereocilia
111
when stereocilia bend they send a blank to a sensory neuron
action potential
112
stereocilia detect these three senses
water current, hearing, balance
113
lateral line system of a fish has blank cells in a gelatinous blank
hair, cupula
114
bending of stereocilia detects blank in fish
currents
115
the detection of vibrations
hearing
116
blank receptors provide better directional information than blank receptors
auditory, chemo
117
three chambers filled with fluid wrapped in a coil
cochlea
118
has a basilar membrane with hair cells in the cochlea
organ of corti
119
vibrations of the basilar membrane's hair cells press the stereocilia against the blank
tectorial membrane
120
sends nerve impulses to the brain where they are interpreted as sound
cochlea
121
bats, shrews, whales, dolphins have the ability to perceive presence and distance of objects by sound
echolocation
122
the gravity receptors consist of two blank in the membranous blank in vertebrates
chambers, labyrinth
123
within the blank and blank are hair cells
utricle, saccule
124
utricle and saccule are embedded in a calcium rich blank
otolith membrane
125
head movement causes the otolithic membrane to move and blank to bend
stereocilia
126
these detect angular acceleration in any direction
semicircular canals
127
swollen chambers of semicircular canals
ampullae
128
hair cell stereocilia with a gelatinous blank protrude into blank
cupula, semicircular canals
129
blank moves fluid in semicircular canals
acceleration
130
these can bind to particular chemicals in extracellular fluid
chemoreceptors
131
membrane of sensory neuron becomes blank and produces action potentials
depolarized
132
senses that are from chemoreceptors, three
taste, smell, blood composition
133
five receptor types of taste
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
134
collections of chemosensitive cells associated with afferent neurons
taste buds
135
flies have taste chemoreceptors on their blank
feet
136
blank involves neurons located in the upper portion of the nasal passages
smell
137
humans have over blank smell receptors
50
138
humans can discern blank different smells
thousands
139
these are found in the aortic and carotid bodies and are senstive primarily to pH of plasma
peripheral chemoreceptors
140
these are found in the medulla oblongata of the brain and are sensitive to the pH of blank fluid
central chemoreceptors, cerebrospinal
141
vision begins with the capture of light energy by blank
photoreceptors
142
many invertebrates have photoreceptors in a blank like flatworms
eyespot
143
flatworms can perceive blank but cannot make a blank
direction of light, visual image
144
four phyla have evolved well developed image forming eyes and they are
annelids, mollusks, arthropods, chordates
145
vision is an example of blank evolution because vision is similar in structure but evolved independently
convergent
146
rods have blank which is a broad ranging pigment that detects values
rhodopsin
147
cones have blank
photopsins
148
the more blank you have the more color you see
cones
149
carnivores are blank
dichromats
150
humans are blank
trichromats
151
birds are blank and can see ultraviolet
tetrachromats
152
three layers of cells in retina from external to internal layer
photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
153
photoreceptors stimulate blank cells which stimulate blank cells
bipolar, ganglion
154
action potentials from retina goes to the blank
thalamus
155
each blank of cerebrum receives input from both eyes
hemisphere
156
ability to perceive 3d images
binocular vision
157
prey animals have eyes on side of blank
head
158
predators have eyes on the side of blank
face
159
snakes can see blank
infrared
160
blank organs allow snakes to see infrared
pit
161
elasmobranchs (sharks rays, skates) have blank
electroreceptors
162
this can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contractions of their prey
ampullae of lorenzini
163
these navigate along the magnetic field lines of the earth, eels, sharks, bees, birds
magnetoception
164
don't know how blank works
magnetoception
165
there is blank in the periderm
cork
166
this contributes to lateral growth of trees
vascular cambium
167
a blank is established during embryo genesis
root shoot axis
168
pfr may increase plant height because far red light is
reflecting off other plants
169
pulvini cells do not respond to blank
auxin
170
two modified stems
aerial, tubers
171
have no jaws fish
cyclostomata
172
this triggers secretion of HCL from the gastric glands
gastrin
173
this is released into the blood to store acquired nutritents from food
glucagon
