Body Systems Flashcards
(199 cards)
2
Q
This order of crustacea has barnacles that are sessile as adults but free swimming larvae and are hermaphroditic and some have stalks
A
cirripedia
3
Q
class of arthropods that includes insects which is the largest group of animals and there are about one billion billion insects alive at any one time
A
hexapoda
4
Q
three body regions of insects
A
head, thorax, abdomen
5
Q
these permeate all tissues in insects to breathe
A
tracheae
6
Q
This class of arthropods have no tagmata and include centipedes and millipedes and have bodies with a head followed by numerous segments
A
myriapoda
7
Q
this phylum is an ancient group of marine animals with about 6000 species and are deuterostomes and have an endoskeleton
A
echinodermata
8
Q
the blank of echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical and blank symmetrical as adults which means blank lines
A
larvae, pentaradial, five
9
Q
echinoderms have an endoskeleton made of calcite plates called blank
A
endoskeletons, ossicles
10
Q
echinoderms have blank so they can change shape and drop body parts
A
mutable collagenous tissue
11
Q
papulae are the same as
A
tube feet
12
Q
there are more than blank extinct classes of echinoderms
A
20
13
Q
there are five classes of echinoderms and they are
A
asteroidea, crinoidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, ophiuroidea
14
Q
this class of echinoderm includes seas stars and sea daisies
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asteroidea
15
Q
this class of echinoderms includes sea lillies and feather stars
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crinoidea
16
Q
this class of echinoderms includes sea urchins and sand dollars
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echinoidea
17
Q
this class of echinoderms includes sea cucumbers
A
holothuroidea
18
Q
this class of echinoderms includes brittle stars
A
ophiuroidea
19
Q
The chordates nearest relative is the blank
A
echinoderms
20
Q
Five features characterize chordates and they are
A
nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle
21
Q
turned into the spinal cord
A
nerve cord
22
Q
turgid cord of cells wrapped with connective tissue that turned into the spinal column
A
notochord
23
Q
gill arches that form bones in ears
A
pharyngeal slits
24
Q
manages iodine metabolism and turns into the thyroid gland
A
endostyle
25
Q
three subphyla of the chordata phylum
A
cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata
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subphylum of chordata that have all chordate characteristics throughout lifetime but no anterior sense organs or brain
cephalochordata
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oldest chordate which was a cephalochordate
pikaia
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subphylum of chordata that includes tunicates and are marine animals with tadpolelike larvae and adults typically lose the tail, nerve chord, and notochord
urochordata
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urochordata often secrete a blank which is a cellulose sac that surrounds the animal
tunic
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subphylum of chordates that includes vertebrates and an endoskeleton made of cartilage or bone
vertebrata
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chordates with a spinal column
vertebrates
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most diverse vertebrate group including half of all vertebrates
fishes
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five characteristics of fishes
vertebral column, jaws and paired appendages, internal gills, single loop blood circulation, nutritional deficiencies
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the first fishes had blank but no blank
mouths, jaws
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first fishes that had bony plates and are now extinct
ostracoderms
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first fishes that have no jaws that still exist today
hagfish and lampreys
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the development of jaws occurred in the late blank period
silurian
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fishes were the first vertebrates to develop blank
teeth
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these two things make up shark scales and all teeth
dentin and enamel
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fishes have a blank system that is a series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves
lateral line
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first jawed fish came about during the blank perdio
devonian
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first jawed fish that was spiny
acanthodii
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first jawed fish that were armored
placodermi
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in this period, sharks became the dominant sea predators
carboniferous
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chondro means
cartilage
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ichthyes means
fish
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the most species rich group of all vertebrates
bony fishes
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a gas filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density
swim bladder
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a hard plate that covers the gills
operculum
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the felxing of this permits water pumping over the gills
gill cover
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group of bony fishes that are ray finned and there are no muscles in the fins
actinopterygii
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group of bony fishes that are lobe finned and have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe
sarcopterygii
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sarco means
flesh
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damp skinned vertebrates and were the first vertebrates to walk on land
amphibians
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Three adaptations of amphibians
legs, lungs, system to prevent desiccation
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amphibians reproduce where?
H2O
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this word means "drying out"
desiccation
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amphibians evolved from blank
lobe finned fish
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Three bones that are found in bony fishes and amphibians today
humerus, femur, radius
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modern amphibians come from the blank period
tertiary
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Three orders of today's amphibians
anura, caudata, and apoda
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order of amphibians that means without tail
anura
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frogs and toads are part of this order of amphibians...
anura
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type of fertilization in anura
external
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order of amphibians that includes salamanders and larvae are similar to adults
caudata
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type of fertilization in caudata
internal
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order of amphibians that includes caecilians and lay their eggs underground and are legless burrowers
apoda
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animals that evolved from amphibians and all have one major thing in common because the amniotic egg has blank membranes
amniotes, four
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This includes mammals, birds, and reptiles
amniotes
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amniotes have a blank egg with an amnion and yolk sac
water tight
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these animals dominated earth for 250 million years and there are 7000 species today on earth
reptiles
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type of breathing that increases lung capacity by chest moving
thoracic breathing
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type of fertilization in reptiles
internal
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reptiles have blank circulation than amphibians
better
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class of reptiles that are shelled, have a solid skull, have beaks but no teeth. includes turtles
testudina
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in turtles, what structures creates the shell
the ribs
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order of Lepidosauria that has two species of tuataras which are large lizard like animals found in New Zealand
Rhynchocephalia
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Order of Lepidosauria that are reptiles that have lizards and snakes and has a light skull with many openings and joints and have a forked penis called a blank
squamata, hemopenes
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Class of reptiles that are the ruling reptiles and are the first bipedal vertebrates
archosauria
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means walks on two legs
bipedal
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Two groups of archosauria that live today
aves, crocodilia
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blank were the first bipedal vertebrates
dinosaurs
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an archosauria that has 25 species are primarily aquatic and are carnivorous with a strong compact skull
crocodylia
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group of archosauria that includes birds which are direct descendants of dinosaurs and are the most diverse terrestrial vertebrates
aves
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first bird had how many fingers plus a wing
three
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the most alike part of birds to dinosaurs
scaly legs
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birds are most similar to
crocodiles
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Three things making birds special
feathers, hollow skeleton, efficient circulation, efficient respiration, endothermy
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means that body temperature permits higher metabolic rate
endothermy
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Three mammalian ancestors
pelycosaurs, therapsis, mammalia
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first succesful large land vertebrates which is a mammalian ancestor and is reptile like but has a mammalian skull
pelycosaurs
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mammalian ancestor that had a mammal like skeleton and were replaced by dinosaurs
therapsids
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pelycosaurs had a blank
mammalian skull
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two fundamental traits of mammals
hair and mammary glands
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these secrete milk in female mammals
mammary glands
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milk comes from the same gland as blank
sweat
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important charactertic of heart in mammals
four chambered heart
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respiration advantage in mammals structure
diaphragm
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the amniotic egg inside a human uterus
placenta
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group of mammals that lay eggs and have a cloaca for digestion and reproduction
monotremes
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example of a monotreme with a cloaca
duck billed platypus
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group of mammals that includes kangaroos and opossums and have a pouch
marsupials
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type of mammal that produce a placenta that nourishes the fetus and includes most living mammals
placental
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group of mammals that have grasping fingers and toes with binocular vision and includes monkeys and gorillas
primates
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earliest primates split into these two groups
anthropoids and prosimians
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this group of primates are nocturnal and include lemurs and tarsiers
prosimians
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this group of primates include monkeys, apes, and humans
anthropoids
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group of anthropoids that includes humans and apes
hominoids
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group of hominoids that are paraphyletic and include gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons, orangutans
apes
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group of hominoids that includes humans and australopithecus
hominids
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hominoids that evolved about 2 mya and had a large brain and were the first humans
Homo
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All homos are extinct except for blank
sapiens
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Four levels of organization of the vertebrate body
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
114
How many cell types does a human have
210
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groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissue
116
are combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
organ
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organs are combinations of blank tissues
different
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groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
organ systems
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how many organ systems in a vertebrate body
11
120
11 organ systems put together equals blank
organism
121
vertebrates have a blank within a blank body plan
tube
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how many body cavities in a vertebrate
several
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body cavity that is within the skull and vertebrae and includes brain and spinal cord
dorsal
124
body cavity that is bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column that includes heart, liver, intestine, stomach, kidneys, etc.
ventral
125
four primary tissues in adult vertebrates
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
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primary tissue that covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrate body and provides a protective barrier and can be membranes and glands
epithelial
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all germ layers have this primary tissue
epithelium
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the epithelium has blank
polarity
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two sides of epithelium
basal surface and apical surface
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side of epithelium that is the secured side
basal
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side of the epithelium that is the free side
apical
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blank layers of epithelial tissue allows for absorption and diffusion
one
133
blank layers of epithelial tissue creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals
several
134
this cell size of epithelial tissue allow for materials to diffuse through
flat cells
135
this cell size of epithelial tissue have more organelles and can process more materials
thick cells
136
these form from invaginated epithelia and can be exocrine or endocrine
glands
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gland that produces a product like sweat and secretes it into a duct
exocrine
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gland that is ductless and secretions enter the blood
endocrine
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this tissue is divided into two major classes and come from mesoderm and have abundant extracellular material
connective
140
class of connective tissue that is loose dense and adipose
connective tissue proper
141
class of connective tissue that includes cartilage, bone, and blood
special connective tissue
142
connective tissue consists of two major things
matrix and cells
143
extracellular material found in connective tissue that can be made of protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc.
matrix
144
connective tissue blanks make matrix
cells
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cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix in connective tissue. These fibers include collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
fibroblasts
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type of connective tissue proper that has more collagen than loose connective tissue and has less gel
dense connective tissue
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type of connective tissue proper that has little collagen and a lot of gel
loose connective tissue
148
collagen fibers that are parallel create
tendons/ligaments
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collagen fibers that are in many different directions are very blank and in the blank of skin
tough, dermis
150
this type of connective tissue proper also occurs in loose connective tissue and is also known as fat cells
adipose
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cartilage is a blank connective tissue
special
152
cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
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chondroitin and collagen/elastin fibers make up the blank
matrix
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flexible with great tensile strength and is a tissue found in joint surfaces
cartilage
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bone is a blank connective tissue
special
156
tissue that is hardened with calcium phosphate salts around collagen fibers
bone
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bone cells are called
osteocytes
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blood is a blank connective tissue
special
159
extracellular material is the fluid plasma and they can be red white or platelets and is a tissue
blood
160
extracellular material of blood
plasma
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leukocytes are what kind of blood cells
white
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erythrocytes are what kind of blood cells
red
163
muscle tissue that lines blood vessels and visceral organs, are mono-nucleated, and involuntary
smooth muscles
164
muscle tissue that is attached to bone by tendons, voluntary, striated and cells are long/multi-nucleated
skeletal muscles
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type of muscle tissue found the heart only and is mono-nucleated and muscle cells form from a single functioning unit
cardiac muscle
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interconnections of cardiac muscle are called
intercalated disks
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nerve tissue that consists of three parts
neurons
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three parts of neurons
cell body, axon, dendrites
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contains the nucleus in neurons
cell body
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single cytoplasmic extension in neurons that takes impulses away from cell body
axon
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highly branched extensions of neurons that take impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
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this type of nerve tissue does not conduct electrical impulses and it supports and insulates neurons and form an insulated cover called the blank
neuroglia, myelin sheath
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a
aa
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organ systems that detects external stimuli and coordinate body's responses and are involved in communication and integration
nervous, sensory, endocrine
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organ system that provides support and movement
musculoskeletal
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organ systems that are involved in regulation and maintenance like maintaining the body's chemistry
digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary systems
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organ systems that deal with bodily defense
integumentary and immune
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organ system that is involved in reproduction and development and nurtures the developing embryo and fetus as well as the continuance of genes
reproductive system
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the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called
homeostasis
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two things that need to remain relatively constant in the body
water in cells, temperature
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the body uses these mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
negative feedback
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6 steps of negative feedback
stimulus, sensors, integrating center, effector, response, sensor reset
183
negative feedback loops often oppose each other to produce finer degree of control called blank
antagonistic effectors
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This type of feedback does not maintain homeostasis
positive
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examples of positive feedback in body
clotting and contraction of uterus during childbirth
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the rate of any chemical reaction is affected by blank
temperature
187
three things that determine body temperature
behavior, metabolism, environment
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Four mechanisms of heat transfer
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
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mechanism of heat transfer that deals with electromagnetivity
radiation
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mechanism of heat transfer that is directly between two objects
conduction
191
mechanism of heat transfer that is by the movement of a gas or liquid
convection
192
mechanism of heat transfer that is the conversion of water to gas
evaporation
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Three classes of organisms that generate heat in different ways
endotherms, ectotherms, heterotherms
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organism that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature
endotherms
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these organisms produce no heat so they have low metabolic rates
ectotherms
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ectotherms regulate temperature using blank
behavior
197
heat exchange that ectotherm marine animals use to limit heat loss in cold water
countercurrent blood flow
198
warm blood is pumped from within the body in arteries warms the cooler blood returning from the skin within veins... this is called
countercurrent heat exchange
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how endotherms cool themselves down
panting or sweating
200
this increases blood flow which increases heat dissipation
vasodilation
