Body & Body Systems Flashcards
(199 cards)
2
Q
Three types of skeletons
A
hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, endoskeletons
3
Q
changes in movement occur because muscles pull against a support structure called the blank system
A
skeletal
4
Q
skeleton found primarily in soft bodied invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic
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hydrostatic
5
Q
worms have a blank muscle and blank muscle to move
A
circular, longitudinal, locomotion
6
Q
jellyfish produce blank in their bell to move
A
pulsations
7
Q
muscular contractions in squids that expel water forcefully through the siphon and the animal shoots backward… this is called blank
A
jetting
8
Q
exoskeletons of arthropods are made by the carbohydrate called
A
chitin
9
Q
these must be shed because they limit body size that provides protection for internal organs and a site for muscle attachment
A
exoskeleton
10
Q
rigid internal skeletons that form the body’s framework and offer surfaces for muscle attachment
A
endoskeletons
11
Q
echinoderms endoskeltons are made of blank
A
calcite
12
Q
the vertebrate endoskeleton is divided into the blank and blank skeletons
A
axial, appendicular
13
Q
skeleton that is the axis of the body
A
axial
14
Q
skeleton that is the limb bones and girdles
A
appendicular
15
Q
this skeleton supports the body and protects internal organs
A
axial
16
Q
skeleton that has pectoral girdle and forelimbs and pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
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appendicular
17
Q
endoskeletons are made of blank and blank
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bone, cartilage
18
Q
bone and cartilage are blank tissues
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living
19
Q
bone and cartilage are blank tissue
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connective
20
Q
Two cells that produce bone and cartilage
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mesenchyme and fibroblasts
21
Q
stem cell that differentiates into all other connective tissue cells
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mesenchyme
22
Q
flexible but resilient connective tissue
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cartilage
23
Q
cell types that contribute to producing cartilage
A
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
24
Q
these cells make new cartilage
A
chondroblasts
25
Q
these cells maintain existing cartilage
A
chondrocytes
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hard but resilient connective tissue that is unique to vertebrates
bone
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three cell types that contribute to producing bone
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
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cells that make new bone
osteoblasts
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cells that maintain existing bone
osteocytes
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cells that break down existing bone
osteoclasts
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Two ways bone can develop
from mesenchyme or from a previous cartilage model
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osteoblasts blank bone devlopment and change into blank
start, osteocytes
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osteocytes reside in the blank
bone matrix
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osteocytes reside in the bone matrix in spaces called blank and communicate through little canals called blank
lacunae, canaliculi
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the blank lines the outside of the bone to protect it
periosteum
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bone falls into two categories based on density and structure...
compact bone and spongy bone
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category of bone that is the outer dense layer and has internal organization called the blank system
compact, Haversian
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category of bone that has a honeycomb structure and forms the blank inside a thick shell of a compact bone
spongy, epiphyses
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mammals bones that retain internal blood vessels called
vasular bone
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bird and fish bones are blank and blank
avascular and acellular
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vascular bone has blank
osteocytes
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small forces may not have a great effect on this but larger forces can initiate this by osteoblasts
remodeling
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are the locations where one bone meets another
joints
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three types of joints
immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
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joints that join bones
immovable joints
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example of immovable joints
cracks that join skull together
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joints that involve fibrous connective tissue or cartilage
slightly movable joints
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joints that are also called synovial joints and contain a lubricating fluid and a cavity
freely movable
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another name fore freely movable joints
synovial joints
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example of freely movable joint
ball and socket joints
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these joints permit movement in all directions
ball and socket
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four types of movable joints
hinge, gliding, combination,
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joints that allow movement in only one plane
hinge joints
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joint that permit sliding of one surface over another
gliding
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example of gliding joint
spine
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joints that allow rotation and side to side sliding
combination joints
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two ways that skeletal muscle fibers are attached to the periosteum of bones
directly or by a tendon
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during contraction of muscle movement the blank remains stationary
origin
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during muscle movement, the blank is attached to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts
insertion
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skeletal muscles occur in blank pairs
antagonistic
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muscle group causing an action
agonist
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muscle group that counters movement
antagonist
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the force of contraction remains relatively constant as the muscle shorten in length
isotonic
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the length of the muscle does not change as force is exerted
isometric contraction
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each skeletal muscle contains numerous cells called blank
fibers
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fibers are organized into bundles called
fascicles
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set of myofibrils are arrange in parallel known as blank
sarcomeres
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two types of filaments
thick and thin
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each blank has a thin and thick filament
sarcomere
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each sarcomere has two blank lines
z
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myofilaments do not blank
shorten
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the blank mechanism is how muscles contract
sliding filament
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a thick filament is composed of several blank subunits packed together
myosin
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myosin consists of two blank chains wrapped around eachother
polypeptide
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a blank filament is composed of two chains of blank proteins twisted together in a helix
thin, actin
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myosin head attaches to the blank site of the actin
binding
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blank causes the myosin to flex and pull on the actin
atp
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the blank filaments slide inward
thin
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in order for muscle to contract, blank must be removed by blank
tropomyosin, troponin
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a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract by blank neurons
motor
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neurons cause the muscle fiber membrane to become blank
depolarized
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neurons cause blank to enter the muscle
sodium
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neurons stimulate the release of blank from the blank
Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum
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a blank unit consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
motor
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blank is the cumulative increase in the number of motor units stimulated which leads to a stronger contraction
recruitment
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a muscle stimulated with a single impulse quickly contracts and relaxes
twitch
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is a cumulative response when a second twitch "piggy-backs" on the first
summation
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no relaxation between twitches, sustained contraction is produced
tetanus
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two types of speed of skeletal muscle fibers
slow twitch, fast twitch
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these muscle fibers are rich in capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin, they sustain action for long periods of time
slow twitch
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known as red fibers of muscle fibers
slow twitch
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known as white fibers of muscle fibers
fast twitch
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poor in capillaries mitochondira and myoglobin and adapted for rapid power generation muscle fibers
fast twitch
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locomotion that is produced by appendages that oscillate
appendicular
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locomotion that is produced by bodies that undulate, pulse, or undergo peristaltic waves
axial
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Two constraints of movement
gravity, functional drag
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two types of locomotion in large animals
appendicular, axial
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water's blank reduces the effects of gravity
buoyancy
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uses hydraulic propulsion
squid
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all aquatic vertebrates blank
swim
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is using the body or its appendages to push against the water
swimming
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terrestrial locomotion deals mostly with blank
gravity
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mollusks glide along a path of blank for locomotion
mucus
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vertebrates and arthropods have a blank body and move forward by pushing against the ground with blank
raised, jointed appendages
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Flight has evolved in animals blank times and they were
four, insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats
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animals that use locomotion in air have blank bones and blank transformed into wings
lightened, forelimbs
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gases diffuse directly into blank organisms
unicellular
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specialized extensions of tissue that project into water
gills
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blank gills are outside the body
external
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two disadvantages of external gills
easily damaged, constant movement to contact oxygen rich water
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gills of bony fishes are located between the blank and blank cavities
opercular, oral
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blank function as pumps that alternatively expand
cavities
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there are blank on each side of a fish's head
gill arches
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each gill arch is composed of two rows of blank which consist of blank
gill filaments, lamellae
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blood flow opposite to direction of water and maximizes oxygenation of blood
countercurrent flow
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air ducts in arthropods are called blank and branch into very small blank
trachea, tracheoles
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blank can be opened or close by valves that are openings in exoskeleton
spiracles
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many amphibians use for gas exchange and breathe through skin this way
cutaneous respiration
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gills were replaced in terrestrial animals because blank is less supportive than blank and blank evaporates
air, water, water
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the blank minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage
lung
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pressure is measured in blank
atmospheres
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air exerts pressure blank
downward
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lungs of amphibians are formed from outpouchings of the blank
gut
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frogs have blank breathing
positive pressure
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amphibians breathe by creating a positive pressure in the blank cavity
buccal
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reptiles and mammals have blank breathing
negative pressure
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blank cage expands by muscular contractions
thoracic
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air rushes inside blank to fill the empty space in neg pressure breathing
lungs
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empty space in breathing equals blank pressure
lower
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in and out the same direction is what kind of flow
two directional
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lungs of mammals are packed with millions of blank
alveoli
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inhaled air passes through the blank
trachea
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air bifurcates into the right and left blank
bronchi
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each lung subdivides into blank
bronchioles
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extensive capillary network in lungs
bronchioles
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blank is where gas exchange occurs in lungs
alveoli
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lungs of birds channel air through very tiny air vessels called blank
parabronchi
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animal with best respiration
bird
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birds have blank flow of air
unidirectional
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in cycle blank of bird lungs inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs and exhaled into lungs
1
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in cycle blank of lungs of birds air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through trachea
2
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blank air does not need to be exhaled before blank air can be inhaled in bird lungs
deoxygenated, oxygenated
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gas exchange is driven by blank
partial pressures
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the pressure of one component of a solution
partial pressure
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veins carry blank blood blank in CO2
deoxygenated, high
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arteries carry blank blood with blank CO2 concentration
oxygenated, low
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thoracic volume blank through the contraction of muscles
increases
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contraction of the external blank muscles expands the rib cage when breathing
intercostal
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contraction of the blank expands the volume of thorax and lungs
diaphragm
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this blank pressure draws air into the lungs
negative
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thorax volume decreases due to blank
elasticity
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blank are sensitive to blood co2 changes in order to regulate breathing
neurons
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a rise in Pco2 causes increased production of blank
carbonic acid
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blank consists of four polypeptide chains
hemoglobin
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hemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the blank
lungs
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co2 moves from the blank into the blank
cells, blood
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sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes lack a blank system
circulatory
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blank are so thin that the digestive system is used as the circulatory system
nematodes
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no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid
open circulatory system
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fluid in open circulatory systems
hemolymph
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blank animals require a separate circulatory system for nutrient and waste transport
larger
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distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart
close circulatory system
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blank evolved a true chamber pump heart
fishes
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first chamber of heart of fish consists of the blank and blank, the second consists of the blank and blank
sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus
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lungs requires a second pumping circuit called blank
double circulation
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blank circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs
pulmonary
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blank circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body
systemic
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the three chambers of a frogs heart
two atria and one ventricle
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oxygenated and deoxygenated blood blank in frogs
mix
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amphibians obtain additional oxygen by blank through their skin
diffusion
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blank and blank have a four chambered heart
mammals and archosaurs
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this is in the heart and recieves deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle which pumps it into the lungs
right atrium
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the heart has two pairs of blank valves
cardiac
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valves that guard the openings between atria and ventricles
atrioventricular
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valves in the heart that guard the exits from the ventricles to the arterial system
semilunar
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blank valve is on the right and is semilunar
pulmonary
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blank carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body
aorta
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the blank empty oxygen poor blood into the right atrium in the heart
vena cavae
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these deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right and left lungs
pulmonary arteries
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blank return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
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in the blank circuit, arteries bring deoxygenated blood away from heart
pulmonary
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in the blank system, the arteries bring oxygenated blood away from heart
systemic
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blank arteries supply the heart muscle itself
coronary
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cardiac cycle of rest
diastole
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cardiac cycle of contraction
systole
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the heart contracts starting at the blank node
sinoatrial
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the sinoatrial node is located in the blank atrium and causes heartbeat and acts as a pacemaker
right
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blank are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree
arterioles
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blood from arterioles go into blank
capillaries
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blood is collected into blank which lead to blank
venules, veins
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four tissue layers of arteries and veins
endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue
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blank are composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells
capillaries
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allow exchange of gases and fluid and cell exchange
capillaires
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contraction of the smooth muscle layer results in blank
vasoconstriction
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vasoconstriction can result in blank
hypertenstion (high blood pressure)
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relaxation of the smooth muscle layer results in blank
vasodilation
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veins and venules return blood to the heart with the help of blank contractions
skeletal muscle
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myocardial infarcations
heart attack
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main cause of cardiovascular deaths in US and happens from an insufficient supply of blood to heart
heart attack
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interference with blood supply to the brain, a cardiovascular disease
stroke
