body fluids and circulation level 1 Flashcards
1
Q
plasma constitute ____ percent of blood
A
55%
2
Q
formed elements form ____ percent of blood
A
45%
3
Q
formed elements consist of ___ and ___
A
blood cells (erythro, leucocytes) blood platelets(thrombocyes)
4
Q
blood cells consist of ___ and ____
A
erythrocytes
leucocytes
5
Q
leucocytes consist of ___ and ___
A
granulocytes
agranulocytes
6
Q
granulocytes consist of (3)
A
Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils
7
Q
agranulocytes consist of ___
A
monocytes
lymphocytes
8
Q
lymphocytes consist of (2)
A
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
9
Q
___ forms matrix of blood
A
hint: it is straw colored
plasma
10
Q
____ constitutes 90-92% of plasma
A
water
11
Q
____ constitutes 6-8% of plasma
A
proteins
12
Q
name the 3 main types of protein in plasma
A
fibrinogin
albumins
globulins
13
Q
____ is an important clotting factor (present in plasma) produced by liver
A
fibrinogen
14
Q
the three subtypes of globulins are
A
alpha globulins,
beta globulins,
gamma globulins.
15
Q
which protein component of plasma is mainly involved in defense mechanisms of the body
A
globulins
16
Q
____ globulins are antibodies which function in immune response of the body
A
gamma
17
Q
alpha and beta globulin function
A
transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins
18
Q
albumins help in ___
A
maintaining osmotic balance
19
Q
why is osmotic balance needed (1 sentence)
A
needed to maintain blood volume and
pressure
20
Q
Plasma contains small amounts of ____ like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl– etc
A
minerals
21
Q
Plasma without the clotting proteins is called ____
A
serum
22
Q
____ are the most abundant of all cell types in blood
A
erythrocyes
23
Q
A healthy adult man on an average has _____ of RBCs/ mm3 of blood.
A
5 million to 5.5 million
24
Q
In most of the mammals, RBCs are____ in shape and are without ____
A
biconcave
nucleus
25
shape of RBCs in camel and llama
oval (w/o nuclus)
26
Due to the absence of _____ RBCs respire _____
mitochondria
anaerobically
( so do not use up any of the oxygen they carry.)
27
Red blood cells also contain the enzyme____ which plays a role in carbon dioxide transport
carbonic anhydrase
28
A healthy individual has ___ to ___ gms of hemoglobin per 100 mL of blood.
12-16
29
The formation of RBCs is known as _____
erythropoiesis
30
in embryo, erythropoesis is done in ____
yolk sac
31
in adult, erythropoesis is done in ___
red bone marrow
32
RBCs have life span around ___months.
4
33
___ transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
RBCs
34
CO2 is carried by haemoglobin as ____
carbamino-haemoglobin.
35
____ is the formation of blood.
Haemopoiesis
36
leucocytes are _____ per mm3 of blood.
6000-8000
37
leucocytes always move in ___ fashin
ameboid
38
Due to ____ability, leucocytes can squeeze through pores in capillary wall and move to a site of infection
movement in ameboid fashion
39
The movement of leucocytes through capillary walls is referred to as ___
diapedesis
40
____ are almost invisible under the microscope unless they are stained.
leucocytes
41
____are the second most numerous types of leucocytes
lymphocytes (20-25% of total WBCs)
42
lmyphocytes are responsible for the ____ of the body
immune responses
43
_____ are the largest lymphocytes of the body
monocytes
| somewhat ameboid in shape
44
monocytes have ____ shaped nucleus
horse shoe or kidney shape
45
shape of lymphocyte nucleus
round
46
From blood, monocytes enter the tissues where
| they become ____
macrophages.
47
eosinophiles have ___ shaped nucleus
bilobed
48
eosinophils have coarse granules which contain ____ and ____.
hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidases
49
The ____ have
| antihistaminic properties. (They resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions.)
eosinophils
50
eosinophils have similarity to the cell organelle ___
lysosome
51
_____ can attach themselves to
| parasitic forms and cause their destruction by liberating lysosomal enzymes on their surfaces
eosinophils
52
____ are least abundant (0.5-1 percent) of the total WBCs.
basophiles
| (memorize like they are at base ie. most down ie least)
53
nucleus of basophils shape
trilobed
54
____ cells secrete serotonin, heparin (an anti-coagulant) and histamine (a chemical involved in inflammation) etc.
basophil
55
another name for neutrophils
poly morpho nuclear leucocytes
56
most abundant cell in all WBCs
neutrophils (60-65%)
57
---- commonly squeeze
between the cells of the capillary walls and wander through the intercellular spaces and frm here move to infected areas of body
neutrophils
58
Formation of leucocytes is called ___
leucopoiesis.
59
Formation of leucocytes takes place in ___
bone marrow
60
B-lymphocytes mature in the ____ but T-lymphocytes mature in ____.
bone marrow
thymus
(memorize like b=bone marrow and b lymphocyte
& t = tymus and t lymphocyte)
61
life span of granulocytes in ___ to___ hrs in blood and __to__ days in tissues
4 to 8 hrs
| 4 to 5 days
62
life span of monocytes
10 to 20 hrs
63
life span of lymphocytes
few days or months or years
64
Rise in the WBC count is called ___
leucocytosis.
| It usually occurs at the site of infection.
65
___ are the smallest of all formed elements
thrombocytes
66
Blood normally contains ____ platelets per mm3 of blood.
1,50,000 - 3,50,000
67
___ are cell fragments rather than true cells.
Thrombocytes
| They are rounded or oval disc-like bodies
68
_____ lack nuclei and contain a few cell organelles and secretory granules in them.
Thrombocytes
69
thrombocytes are produced from special cells in the bone marrow called____
megakaryocytes.
70
Normal life span of blood platelets is about ___
a week
71
blood platelets are destroyed in the ___ & ___
spleen and liver.
72
Platelets can release a variety of substances
| most of which are involved in __________
coagulation of blood
73
___ constitute most of the mass of a blood clot
Thrombocytes
74
Thrombocytes activate the clotting factors in plasma that results in formation of threads of ___
fibrin.
75
A reduction in the number of platelets is called _________which leads to excessive loss of blood from the body
thrombocytopenia
76
___is a group of bleeding diseases due to thrombocytopenia.
Purpura
77
Number of ____ increases during exercise and at high
| altitudes.
RBCs
78
in later embryonic stage RBCs are manufactures by the ____ and ____
liver and spleen
79
____is also called graveyard of RBC
Spleen
80
____ agranulocytes are phagocytic and ____ are non phagocytic
monocyts are
| lymphocytes are not
81
____ granulocytes take acidic stain
eosinophils
82
____ granulocytes take basic stain
basophils
83
_________ along with his coworker recognized four types of blood groups in human beings,
commonly known as ABO blood grouping
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
84
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely __ and __
A and B
85
According to Landsteiner law, if an antigen is present on the RBCs, the corresponding antibody must be
____ from the plasma.
absent
| It also states that if the antigen is absent on the RBCs, the corresponding antibody must be present in the plasma
86
clumping means?
destruction of RBCs
87
clumping is aka
agglutination
88
Transfusion errors that result in agglutination can lead to blockage of small blood vessels and cause ____
hemolysis
89
what is hemolysis
rupture of red blood cells
90
‘O’ group individuals are called ____
universal donors
91
which blood grp are known as universal recepiants
AB
92
Rh stands for _________in which these antigens were first discovered
rhesus monkey
93
Rh grouping was discovered by ____ and ____
Landsteiner and Wiener.
94
this isnt a question, but you should know wat thisword means:
erythroblastosis foetalis.
95
____is formed mainly of
| a network of threads called fibrins
clot
96
clot is aka
coagulum
97
An injury or trauma stimulates the platelets in blood to release coagulation promoting substances called
____
thromboplastins
98
thromboplastins help in the formation of the enzyme complex ____
thrombokinase
99
Thrombokinase (in presence os Ca2+)converts an inactive protein ____, present in the plasma, into thrombin.
prothrombin
100
Thrombin is an enzyme which converts soluble fibrinogen of plasma into ____ _____
insoluble fibrin
101
____ is essential for both the activation and action of thrombin.
Ca2+ ions
102
Fibrins form a network of threads which ______________________of blood to form the
blood clot
traps dead and damaged formed elements of blood
103
Lymph is a ____ fluid (lacks haemoglobin) containing specialised ____ which are responsible for the immune responses of the body.
colourless
| lymphocytes
104
lymph consists of___ and ____
plasma and leucocytes.
105
The lymphatic system comprises of (4)
lymphatic capillaries,
lymphatic vessels,
lymphatic nodes
lymphatic ducts.
106
Once ____ enters the lymphatic capillaries,
| it is known as lymph.
tissue fluid
107
lymphatic vessels have ____ like veins
valves
108
the larger lymphatic vessels empty into one of two principal ducts : the ___duct (in the left) or the ___ duct (in the right).
thoracic
| right lymphatic duct
109
the 2 major lymphatic ducts drain in to the lymph into the left and right ____ ___
subclavian veins
110
left and right subclavian veins connect with a
| number of smaller veins and drain into the_______
superior vena cava
111
Lymph is filtered through ____
lymph nodes
112
lymph nodes are most abundantley present in (3)?
neck, groin and armpits
113
name 3 lymphoid organs
tonsils
thymus
spleen
114
2 functions of lacteals (hint: lymphatic vessesls in the SI)
absorbs fats from the intestine
| release the absorbed fats into the blood stream.
115
location of lacteals
intestinal villi,
116
in open circulatory system, blood pumped by the
| heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called ___.
sinuses
117
open circulatory system is present in (2)
arthropodes
| molluscs
118
How is lymph filtered? (1 sentnece)
Lymph is filtered in the lymph nodes as they contain phagocytic cells which help to remove
pathogens.
119
the heart is slightly tilted to the ___
left
120
heart embryonic layer
mesoderm
121
Heart is protected by a double walled membranous bag called ___
pericardium.
122
The pericardium consists
| of two layers, an outer ___ pericardium and an inner ____pericardium attached to the heart
parietal
| visceral
123
____ is present between the 2 layers of the pericardium
pericardial cavity
124
___ fluid is in the pericardial activity
pericrdial
125
true or false
The walls of the ventricles are much thicker than that
of the atria.
true
126
The right and the left atria are separated by a thin, muscular wall called the ____
interatrial septum
127
right and left ventricles are separated by THICK-walled ____
interventricular septum.
128
A THIC FIBEROUS tissue called the ___septum separates the atrium and the ventricle of the
same side.
atrio-ventricular
129
The ____refers to the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
cardiac cycle
130
heart is tilted slightly to the ___
left
131
the AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle is called
tricuspid valve
132
the AV valve between light atrium and left ventricle is called
mitral valve or bicuspid valve
133
Special fibrous cords called the _____ are attached to the flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid
valves at one end and their other ends are attached to the ventricular wall with the special muscles, called the ____
chordae tendinae
| pappilary muscles
134
function of chordae tendinae
The chordae tendinae prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valves from collapsing back
into the atria during powerful ventricular contractions.
135
name the 3 vessels in which semilunar valves are found
pulmonary artery
| aorta
136
complete cardiac diastole last for ___ (time)
0.4 sec
137
atrial systole lasts for ___ sec.
0.1
138
ventricular systole lasts for ___ sec.
0.3
139
SAN ----> AVN ----> _________ ----> ________
bundle of His
| Purkinje fibres
140
The nodal musculature has the ability to generate action potentials without any external stimuli, i.e.,
it is ____
autoexcitable.
141
_____ is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential (difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell) of a cell rapidly
rises and falls
Action potential
142
____ is called the pacemaker of the heart
SAN
143
Our heart normally beats __-__ times in a minute (average ___ beats min–1)
70-75
| 72
144
the no. of times our heart beats in a minute is called ___
heart rate
145
During a cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately __ mL of blood. this is called ___
70
| stroke volume
146
The stroke volume multiplied by the number of beats per minute (heart rate) gives the _________
cardiac output
147
numerical value of cardiac output
5040 ml
148
• Isovolumetric systole/Contraction:
It is the duration between closure of AV valve and
| opening of semilunar valve
149
Isovolumeteric diastole/Relaxation :
It is the duration between closure of semilunar valve
| and opening of AV-valves.
150
the first heart sound is
lub
151
lub sound is produced by
It is produced by closing of AV valves
| tricuspid and bicuspid valves
152
lub sound is produced during
ventricular systole
153
___ heart sound is low pitched and of long duration
lub
154
___ is the 2nd heart sound
Dub
155
dub is produced by ____
It is produced by closing of semilunar
| valves
156
Dub sound is produced during
at the beginning of ventricular
| diastole
157
wat is higher pitched and of short duration.
dub sound
158
where are the 3 electrical leads placed in ECG
1 on each wrist
| one on left ankle
159
what does the p wave in ECG represent
represents electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria which leads to contraction of both the atria
160
what does the QRS wave in ECG represent
represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
161
what does the Point Q in ECG represent
marks the beginning of ventricular systole
162
what does the T wave in ECG represent
The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited (depolarised) to normal state (i.e.,
repolarisation)
163
The end of the T-wave marks ____
the end of systole
164
by counting the number of ____ that occur in a given time period, the heart beat rate or pulse of an individual can be determined
QRS complexes
165
Enlargement of P-wave indicates _______________
enlargement of the atria.
166
The enlarged Q and R waves indicate?
myocardial infarction (heart attack).
167
The S-T segment is elevated in ___ and depressed when ____.
myocardial infarction
| heart muscles receive insufficient oxygen
168
T-wave is flat when the heart muscles receive ____ as in ____ disease.
insuuecient oxygen
atherosclerotic heart
(Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries)
169
What is stroke volume
During one cardiac cycle, each ventricle pumps out approximately 70 mL of blood. This is called
the stroke volume.
170
Who got the Nobel Prize for the development of ECG?
Willem Einthoven
171
path of pulmonary circulation with the vessels involved
The deoxygenated blood pumped into the pulmonary artery is passed on to the lungs from where the oxygenated
blood is carried by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. This pathway is known as pulmonary circulation.
172
just read this
systemic circulation:
oxygenated blood entering the aorta is carried by a network of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to tissues from where the deoxygenated blood is collected by a system of venules, veins and vena cava and
emptied into the right atrium.
173
the musculature wall of the ___ ventricle is thicker than that of the ___ ventricle.
left
| right
174
why the musculature wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle
As the amount of work performed by the left ventricle is greater than that performed by the right ventricle
(cause the left ventricle has to pump blood to whole body and right ventricle only to lungs_
175
what is a portal vein
A portal vein is a vein which does not carry blood directly to heart but forms a network of capillaries in
another or intermediate organ before reaching the heart
176
function of renal portal system
The function of the renal portal system is to supply blood to renal tubules when glomerular filtration is absent or down regulated
177
renal portal vein brings blood
| from__ and ___ to ___
tail and groin
| kidney
178
in ___ and ___, renal portal system is found
which is reduced in __ and ___
but absent in ___, ____ & ___
fishes and amphibians
reptiles and birds
mammals, lampreys and hag fish.
179
A hypophyseal portal vein collects blood from ___ and enters the _____
hypothalamus
| anterior lobe of pituitary.
180
There is a unique vascular connection between the digestive tract and liver called ____
hepatic portal system.
181
just read this
Coronary circulation: The flow of oxygenated blood from the ascending aorta to the heart muscles and
the return of deoxygenated blood from the heart muscles to the right atrium is called coronary (cardiac)
circulation. From the ascending aorta, the right and left coronary arteries arise which supply oxygenated
blood to the heart muscles. The deoxygenated blood from the heart wall is carried by the coronary veins
that join to form coronary sinus. The coronary sinus carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
182
The outermost layer of arteries/veins is the ___ and is composed of
tunica externa
| fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres
183
what is tunica media composed of
smooth muscles and elastic fibres
184
the 2 parts of tunica interna or intima
elastic membrane
| endothelium
185
elastic membrane of tunica interna is made of __
elastin protein
186
elastic membrane is thicker in ___
artery
187
endothelium is made up of
flattened squamous epithelium cells
188
____ cells are more elongated in the artery
endothelium
189
the walls of cappilaries are composed of
endothelium
190
______ (in the brain) can moderate the
| cardiac function through autonomic nervous system
medulla oblongata
191
Sympathetic nerve endings release ____which stimulates the SAN that ___the
heart beat, the strength of ____
noradrenaline
accelerates
ventricular contraction
192
which part of ANS increases cardiac output
sympathtic
193
parasympathetic nerve endings release ____ which _____ the rate of heart beat, speed
of conduction of action potential
acetylcholine
| decreases
194
The _____ secretes two hormones called adrenaline and noradrenaline
adrenal medulla
195
___ and ___ increase the heart beat and the strength of heart contraction
adrenaline
| noradrenaline
196
High levels of ___ & ____ decrease heart rate.
potassium and sodium
197
An excess of ___ increase heart rate
calcium ions
198
hypertension is aka
high blood pressure
199
normal bp is
120/80
200
120 mmHg?
systolic blood pressure
201
80 mmHg?
diastolic pressure
202
diastoolic pressure is also called
resting pressure
203
if repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual result in pressure values around ___ or higher, it shows hypertension
140/90
204
Pulse pressure :
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. i.e., 120 – 180 = 40 mm Hg
205
Blood pressure is measured by an instrument called
sphygmomanometer
206
angina pectoris means ____
chest pain
207
angina pectoris is caused due to?
acute chest pain appears when not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle.
208
angina pectoris is common among?
among the middle aged and elderly people
209
Heart failure?
It is the state of heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body
210
heart failure is aka and why
congestive heart failure because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms
of this disease
211
Heart attack is aka
Myocardial infarction
212
Heart attack occurs when?
the heart muscles are suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply.
213
Cardiac arrest means?
complete stoppage of the heart beat
214
Coronary Artery Disease is often referred to as?
atherosclerosis,
