Reproductive Health Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
According to ____, reproductive health refers to total well being in all aspects of reproduction
A
WHO
2
Q
What are all the aspects of reproduction
A
Physical
Behavioral
Emotional
Social
3
Q
India is the first country of the world to start ____
A
Family planning programme
4
Q
Family planning programme started in _____ year
A
1951
5
Q
In _____ year, family planning programme became family ____ programme
A
1977
Welfare
6
Q
In 1997 , _____ healthcare programme started
A
Reproductive and child healthcare
7
Q
Study of population is called
A
Demography
8
Q
According to 2001 census,
India’s growth rate is ____
A
1.7%
9
Q
Growth rate of India is less than ____
A
2%
10
Q
Our population increases rapidly due to (4)
A
Rapid decline in death rate
Maternal mortality rate decreased
Infant mortality rate decreased
Increase in number of reproductively active population
11
Q
Contraception is aka
A
Birthcontrol
12
Q
What is contraception
A
Technique thru which unwanted birth can be prevented without affecting reproductive health of individual
13
Q
Ideal contraceptives should have following properties (6)
A
User friendly
Easily available
Highly effective
Reversible
Least or no side effect
Do not change sex desire or sexual act
14
Q
____ method of contraception does not require any device or medicine
A
Natural method
15
Q
Natural method of contraception includes 3 methods namely
A
Rhythm method
Withdrawal method
Lactational amenorrhoea
16
Q
Rhythm method is aka(3)
A
Periodic abstinence
Calendar method
Safe period
17
Q
In rhythm method, sex is avoided from __-__ day of menstural cycle because
A
10th to 17th day
During this period ovulation May occur
18
Q
At the time of ovulation, ___ releases from ____
A
Thin mucus
Cervix
19
Q
If we take the thin mucus releases during ovulation in between our fingers, then wires are formed… through this, a test can be performed known as
A
Spinnbarkeit test
20
Q
World population was ? In 1850
A
1 billion
21
Q
In ____ world population was 2 billion
A
1900
22
Q
In 2000, the world population was
A
6 billion
23
Q
At the time of independence, India’s population was
A
350 million
24
Q
In May 2000, population of India was ?
A
1 billion
Meaning every 1 in 6 people on earth was Indian
25
In 2010, population of India was
1.23 billion
26
In ____ year, population of India was 1.25 billion
2011
27
What happens in withdrawal method of contraception
Male withdraws penis from vagina before ejaculation
28
Failure rate is v. High in withdrawal method of contraception because
Pre mature ejaculation of sperm May occur
29
What is lactational amenorrhoea
During intense lactation, prolactin in high so it gives negative feedback to FSH and LH so ovulation stops so follicles aren’t formed
30
Lactational amenorrhoea is valid up to _____ months after parturition
6
31
In Barriar method of contraception, meeting of sperm and ova is don’t by using (5)
Male condoms
Female condoms
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Vault cap
32
Male and female condom are made of
Latex or rubber
33
How many rings does male condom have
1
34
How many rings does female condom have
2 (1 closed and 1 open)
Closed ring goes up the vagina
35
What is diaphragm
Tubular rubber sheath, covers inner surface of vagina
36
What is cervical cap
Rubber nipple like structure which is fitted over cervix
37
What is vault
Hemispherical or dome shaped structure which covers the cervix
38
Government condom
Nirodh
39
In chemical method of contraception, what do chemicals do
destroy plasma membrane of sperm and inhibit O2 uptake
40
Name 2 vaginal foam and tablets
Today
Chlormin T/ contab
41
Sponge tablet example
Nonoxynol 9
42
Jelly or cream examples
Dip as (Nim 76)
Delfen
Perceptin/ volpar paste
43
Name some chemicals which are used as spermicides
ZnSO4
KMnO4
Lactic acid
Boric acid
Citric acid
44
IUD full form
Intra uterine device
45
IucD full form
Intrauterine contraceptive device
46
___ is an ideal contraceptive for females to delay preganancy and space between children
Intra uterine device
47
What do all IuDs do
Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus
48
Name the 3 types of IuDs
Non medicated or inert
Copper releasing or Cu-T
Hormone releasing IUD
49
Non medicated IuD example
Lippes loop
50
lippes loop is made of
plastic +BaSo4
| STEEL+BASO4
51
NON MEDICATED iUdS SHOW _____ WITHIN UTERUS
phagocytosis of sperm
52
name 3 copper releasing IuDs
cu-t
cu-7
multiload 375
53
what do copper releasing IuDs do?
release Cu which suppresses sperm motility, so, fertilisation capacity of sperm decreases
54
name 2 hormone releasing IuDs
LNG(levongestral) 20
| progestasert
55
what do hoprmone releasing IuDs do?
make uterus unsuitable for implantation and also makes cervix hostile for sperm
56
what is the principle of oral pills
oral pills increase progesterone and oestrogen level in females, so FSH and LH decrease so no Graafian follicle so no ovulation
57
name the 3 actions of oral pills
prevent implantation
makes cervical mucus thick
motility of sperm decreases
58
if oral pill contqains only progesterone, it is called
micropill or minipill
59
if oral pill contains both progesterone and estrogen it is called
combined pill
60
oral pills shd be taken from __ day of mensturation taken till __ day
first day to 28th day
61
wrt oral pills, ___ days are pill free days
7 days
62
if a female forgets to take oral pills, what can she do
she can take 2 pills on the next day
63
synthetic progesterone is called
nor ethisterone acetate
64
synthetic oestrogen is called
ethynyl estrdiol
65
name a monthly oral pill
quinesterol
66
name the 2 govewrnment daily oral pills
mala n
| mala d
67
____ is the new oral pill developed by ____ (in ___)
saheli
CDRI (central drug research institute)
lucknow ,up
68
saheli is a ___,___ pill
non steroidal and non hormonal pill
69
saheli contains __ chemical
centchroman
70
centchroman acts as
acts as estrogen modulator
71
saheli is taken ____ (time)
taken once a week
72
saheli is anti ___
estrogenic
73
saheli doesnt effect ____
ovulation
74
____ is a male contraceptive pill
Gossypol
75
gossypol is present in ___
cotton seed
76
color of gossypol
yellow
77
why is gossipol BANNED
it inhibits spermaatiogenesis and may cause permanent azzospermia
78
in july 2000, china made progesterone pills for male, 1st time in the world
:)
79
in injectable contraceptives , progesterone and estrogen containing injections are given ___
intramuscularly
80
3 examples of injectable contraceptives
DMPA
depo provera
lunelle
81
___ are hormone containg v.small rod like structures mad of ___
implants
| silicon
82
implants conmtain ____ and ___ hormone
estrogen and progesteronme
83
implants provide ___ term contraception and duration?>
long term
| 3 to 5 years
84
where are implants implanted
under the skin of upper arm
85
implants can be divided into (2)
nor plants and implanon
86
in norplant ___ rods are implanted
6 rods are implanted in norplant
87
____ rods are implanted in implanon
1 rod
88
noplants works till
| ___ years
5 years
89
implanon works upto --- years
3 years contraception
90
______are treatments of unprotected sex
| sexual assault, missed pills etc
emergency contraceptives
91
emergency contraceptives are aka
morning after pills
92
the mechanism of emergency contraceptives is same as that of oral pills, but _____ is given
higher dose
93
what is the principle of oral pills
oral pills increase progesterone and oestrogen level in females, so FSH and LH decrease so no Graafian follicle so no ovulation
94
3 examples of emergency contraceptives
N oral
Ovidon
i pill
95
surgical method of contraception is aka
terminal method
| sterilisation
96
if both vas deferens cut and tied it is called
vasectomy
97
if both fallopian tube cut and tied is is known as
tubectomy
98
after tubectomy secondary oocyte doesn't reach fertilisation site
:)
99
after vasectomy sperm count is not zero becausse
some sperms have already reached the seminal vesicles
100
effect on mensturation after 3tubectomy
no effect on mensturatrion
101
sterilisation is highly effective
:))
102
if female takes Mifepristone or Ru468 or french drug what happens
if mifepristone is given to pregnant fenlae, her progesterone level suddenly declines and abortion may occur
103
what is medical termination of pregnancy
intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full form foetus is formed (LEGALLY)
104
around _____ MTPs are performed worldwide per year
40-50 milliion
105
about ___ of the total pregnanciesa re medically terminated
1/5th
106
mtp act in india was est in
1971`
107
mtp is safe upto ___ weeks of pregnacy aka ___
12 weeks'
| 1st trimester
108
medical termination of pregnancy is risky in 2nd trimester
:))
109
medical termination of pregnancy is legal upto
20 weeks
110
in which years ammendment of mtp act was made
2017
| 2021
111
in 2021 amendment of mtp act, what happend
limit of 20 weeks extended
112
misuse of mtp
female foeticide
113
name 5 side effects of contracenptives
```
nausea
abdominal discomfert
increased chance of breast cancer
irregular menstural cycle
bleeding increases during menstural cycle
```
114
insertion of IuDs within 72 hours of unprotected ssex acts as
an emergeny contraceptoive
115
female condomes are aka
femidom
| vaginal pouch
116
___ age group are most commonly affected by STDs
15-24 years
117
STDs are aka
veneral disease (frm venus or god of love) or reproductive tract infections (RTI)
118
genital hepres, AIDs and hepatitis B are curable or uncurable
uncurable
119
name 4 early symptoms of STDs
itching
fluid discharge
slight pain
swelling
120
name 6 complications of STDs
```
pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID)
abortion
]still borth (dead child is born)
ectopic pregnancy
infertility
cancer of genital organs
```
121
STDs can be prevented by (3)
avoid sex with unknown or multiple partners
always use condoms during coitus
in case of any doubt go to a qualified doctor and get proper treatment
122
which is the most common STD
chlamydiasis
123
chlamydiasis is caused by bacteria _____
chlamydia trachomatis
124
chlamydiasis can pass from mom to infant
:)
125
test of chlamydiasis can be done by
culture method or gram staining
126
2 antibiotics that can be taken to prevent chlamydiasis
tetracycline
doxycycline
127
gonorrhoes is aka
clap disease (as both female and male have to meet)
128
gonorrhoea is caused by ___ bacteria
neisseria gonorrhoea
129
gonorrhoea can pass from mother to baby
:))
130
_____ is used to prevent eye infection in infants due to gonorrhoea
1% AgNO3 solution
131
___ is used to detect gonorrhoea
culture method
132
3 antibiotics for gonorrhoea
penicillin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone
133
syphilis is caused by ___ bacteria
treponema pallidum
134
latent perid of syphilis
20 years
135
latent period of AIDS
5 years
136
in syphilis if nervous system is affected it is called
neurosyphilis
137
syphilis has ___ stages
3 stagees
138
what is seen in primary syphilis
painless open sore with hard base
139
what happens in secondary syphilis
fever, joint pain ,skin rash
140
what happens in tertiary syphilis
organs are degenrated
141
what is the test of syphilis
VDRL test (Veneral Disease research lab)
142
antibiotic for syphilis
penicillin
143
is there any cure for genital herpes
no
144
genital herpes is caused by
herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2)
145
what happens in genital herpes
blisters on genital organs that appear and dissapear
146
name 2 tests ffor genital herpes
PCR(polymerase chain rxn)
| antigen detection
147
2 antibiotics that can be taken for genital herpes
acylovir
| zovirax
148
mouth ulser is caused by
HSV 1 (herpes simplex virus 1)
149
chanchoroid is caused by
haemophilis ducreyi bascteria
150
haemophilis ducreyi is which type of bacteria
gram negative bacteria
151
what symptoms can be noticed in chanchoroid?
painful soft ulcers with necrotic base
| necrosis:Death of cells or tissue through disease or injury.
152
what is the test of chancoroid
culture test
153
what medicene is gioven in chanchoroid
azithromycine
ceftriaxone
154
genital warts are caused by ____
human papiloma virus (HPV)
155
what happens in genital worts?
soft, moist, pink , cauliflower like growth on genital organs
156
genital warts may cause __
cancer
157
test for genital wort
antibody detection
| PCR
158
3 treatments of genital worts?
alpha interferon (anti viral particles)
podophyllin (medicene)
cryotherapy (put liq.N2 on wart)
159
trichomoniasis is aka
leucorrhoea
160
trichomoniasis is caused by
trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa)
161
trichomoniasis causes ___ in vagina and _____
inflammation in vagina
| yellow color discharge from vagina
162
test for trichomoniasis
culture test
163
which antibotics are given for trichomoniasis
metronidazole
tinidazole
164
if a couple show regular unprotected sex and female does not get preg. within one to two years it is known as
infertility
165
permanent infertililty is called
sterility
166
infertility is of ____ types
two
167
what is primary infertilitry
female never concieves (prg.) prviously
168
what isw secondary infertility
female was previously pregnant, but presently cant get preg.
169
read the 10 reasons for infertility in male frm nb
and 7 for female too
170
ART full form
assisted reproductive techniques (used to treat infertility)
171
name the two methods of assisted reproductive techniques
in vitro (fertilisation occur outside the female body)
in vivo ( fertilisation occurs inside the female body)
172
name the 3 methods of in vitro fertilisation
ZIFT (zygote intra fallopian tube transfer)
IuT (intra uterine transfer)
ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)
173
name the tree methods of in vivo fertilisation
GIFT (gamete intra fallopian tube transfer)
AI (artificial insemination)
IUI (intra uterine insemination)
174
what happens in ZIFT
first zygote is formed in the lab
zygote or embryo upto 8 celled stage transfer into fallopian tube of female
(zift:zygote intrafallopian transfer)
175
what happens in IuT
zygote formed in lab
| embryo more than 8 celled stage implamted into uterus of female (iut: intra uterine transefer)
176
what happens in ICSI
sperm is directly injected into cytoplasm of ova
| intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
177
what is GIFT
sperm and ova directly injected into fallopian tube
| gamete intra fallopian tube transfer
178
what is AI
semen in injected into vagina
(artificial insemination)'
(semen stored in sperm bank and then semen transferrred to vagina)
179
what is IUI
semen directly injected into uterus
| intra uterine insemination
180
worlds first test tube baby name ____, DOB ____, place OB:
Louise joy brown
25 july 1978
england
181
India's first test tube babyy
kumari harsha (aka durga)
182
sperms are kept in sperm bank by _____ at ____ temp
cryopreservation
| -196 C liquid nitrogen medium
183
_____ is used to detect genetic/metabolic disorder or sex determination with the help of cellular analysis
amniocentesis
184
in amniocentesis, amniotic fluid from _____ week foetus is taken which contains cells of foetus
14 to 15 weeks
185
misuse of amniocentisis
female foeticide
