Human Reproduction Flashcards by Swasti Bansal

Define primary sex organs

Those organs which secrete hormones and also form gametes

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Name the 2 primary sex organs

Testes

Ovary

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What are secondary sex organs

These organs help in reproductive processes but do not produce hormones and gametes

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Name the 4 secondary sex organs in males

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Vas’s deferentia

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Name the 4 secondary sex organs in female

Oviduct
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris

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What is puberty

Period when reproductive organs start working or functioning

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Puberty age in male

12-14 years

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Puberty age in females

10-12 years

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What are the 8 secondary sexual characteristics in males

Hairs around genital organs
Basal metabolic rate increase 
Hair growth on face and chest
Broad shoulders 
Narrow hip
Mammary glands undeveloped 
Abdominal breathing 
Prominent larynx

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What is BMR

Basal metabolic rate (minimum energy required for survival)

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8 secondary sexual characteristics in females

Hair around genital organs 
BMR less
Hair growth on face and chest does not happen normally
Narrow shoulder 
Broad hip (due to uterus) 
Developed mammary glands
Thoracic breathing 
Not prominent larynx

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Male reproductive system is located in which region

Pelvis

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Name the 3 accessory glands in males

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper gland

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Write the path of sperm

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Urethral orifice or meatus

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Is seminal vesicle paired or unpaired

Paired

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Name the 3 covers of testes

Tunica vaginalis
Rubicam albugenia
Tunica vasculosa

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Outer cover of testes is called ; and give feature

Tunica vaginalis

Incomplete layer due to epididymis

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Middle cover of testes is called ; and describe it.

Tunica albugenia

Thick cover made of white fibrous connective tissue

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Inner cover of testes is called ; and describe it.

Tunica vasculosa

Thin layer with rich blood supply

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Path of duct system in testes

Seminiferous tubules

Tubuli recti

Rete testes

Vasa efferentia

Duct of epididymis

Vasa deferentia

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What is included in intratesticular duct system

Seminiferous tubule

Tubuli recti

Rate testes

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Name the components of extra testicular duct system

Duct of epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

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Germ cells (cells which form sperms) in males are aka

Spermatogonia

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2 other names of Nurse cells

Sertoli cells

Sustentaculus cells

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Interstitial cells or ______ form_____

Leydig cells Testosterone

Shape of testes

Oval

Length and breadth of testes

4-5 cm long 2-4 cm breadth

Weight of testes

10-15 grams

Human testes are _______ abdomen

Extra abdominal

Testes is present in a ____ called _____

Testes sac Scrotum

Testes are connected to scoring by _____aka_____

Gubernaculum Mesorchium

In 6th to 7th month during embryogenesis, what happens to testes in presence of which hormones

Testes comes into scrotum Testosterone + FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Sometimes, testes don’t descend into scrotum ... this is known as

Cryptorchidism

Since testes don’t desensitized to scrotum in cryptorchism, what happens and why

Sperm not formed cause of high temperature (2-2.5 Celsius higher ) in body

Name the surgery by which cryporchidism can be treated

Orchiopexy

______ muscles, when contracted, then testes comes closer to abdomen during ____ season

Cremaster Winter (Relax in summer)

By contraction of ____ muscles, walls of scrotum become ____ during ___ season

Dartos muscle Thick Winter (To prevent heat loss)

Each testes has ___ testicular lobules

250

Testicular lobules are separated by

Tunica albugenia

Each testicular lobule contains how many seminiferous tubules

1 to 3

Structural and functional unit of testes

Seminiferous tubules

___ canal connects testes and abdomen

Inguinal canal

Rete testes is lined by _____

Cuboidal epithelium

Rete testes is an _______ like structure

Anastomosing labyrinth

From each rete testes, _____ vas’s efferentia arises

10-12

Vasa efferentia is aka

Ductuli efferens

Vasa efferentia opens into

Duct of epididymis

TS of testes shows which 3 cells

Leydig cell Sertoli cell Spermatogonia

What are the 5 functions of Sertoli cells

Provide nutrition to spermatozoa Absorb shed part of spermatozoa Secretes anti mullerian factor (AMF) which prevents development of oviduct in males Release androgen binding proteins (ABP concentrates testosterone) Form blood testes barrier

Function of ABP

Androgen bonding proteins Concentrated testosterone

Function of blood testes barrier

To check for antigens present in blood coming into testes

Testes + epididymis =

Testicles

Surgical removal of testes is called ___ aka ____

Casteration Orchidectomy

In ___ and ___ , testes comes into scrotum during breeding season ... this is called

Bat Otter Rut cycle

what happens in epididymis

functional maturation of sperm takes palce ie motilty is aquired

shape of epididymis

comma shaped

length of epididymis

4cm

epididymis contains a __ m long duct, thus the duct is highly coiled

which epithelial tissue lines epididymis

pseudostratified stereo ciliated epithelium

function of stereocilia

increases surface of absorption

name the 3 parts of epididymis

caput corpus cauda

caput is aka

globus major

cauda is aka

globus minor

epididymis arises from _____

wolfian duct of mesonephros

after functional maturation the sperm comes to ____ region of vasa deferens

ampulla

vasa diferentia is aka

ductus defernes

ductus deferens arises from

wolfian duct

length of vas deferens

45 cm

___ portion of VD fuses with ejaculatory duct

ampulla

name the components of spermatic chord

Vas deferens + artery + vein + nerve + connective tissue + cremaster muscle

sometimes, large intestine bulges into inguinal canal this condition is known as

inguinal hernia

length of ejaculatory duct

2cm

___ and ___ open into ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicles | vas deferens

ejaculatory duct opens into ___

prostatic urethra

name the 3 parts of male urethra

prostatic urethra membranous urethra penial urethra

cowper gland open into

membranous urethra

length of urethra in male

20cm

Shortest part of urethra in males

Membranous urethra

Name the copulatory organ in males

Penis

Describe the penis in 3 words

Cylindrical Muscular Tubular

Penile mass is covered by

Tunica albugenia

TS of penis shows 3 cords namely

``` Corpora cavernosa (2) Corpora spongiosa ```

In male, urethra passes through

Corpora spongiosum

During sexual excitement,deep artery pours blood into _____ so penis becomes ___. This is called ___

Erectile tissue Hard Erection of penis

Erection of penis is under control of ____ nervous system

Parasympathetic

Erection of penis is a ___ process

Vascular

_____ is extended and forms conical structure called ___ penis

Corpora spongiosa Glans penis

Describe and name the skin on glans penis

Thin Smooth Shiny Hairless Prepuce or foreskin

Sebaceous glands are present on prepuce and are called ___ aka ____

Tyson gland Preputial gland

Tyson gland secretes

Smegma

___ infection can occur in smegma

Microbial

In Muslims, ____ is done in childhood to prevent from microbial infection in smegma

Circumssion

Name the 3 accessory glands in males

Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Cowper gland aka bulbo urethral gland

No of seminal vesicles

1 paid

Seminal vesicles are aka

Uterus masculinus

Seminal vesicles are modification of ____

Müllerian duct

Seminal vesicles location

Between urinary bladder and rectum

Seminal vesicles are lined by

Glandular epithelium

____ secrete 60-70% part of semen

Seminal vesicles

Describe the fluid from seminal vesicles

Lubricating Transparent Jelly like

pH of fluid from seminal vesicles

7.3

Seminal vesicles fluid contains

FCIP: Fructose Citric acid Inositol Prostaglandins

____ is an energy source for sperm

Fructose

For sperm, if Krebs cycle is used, energy source is

Citric acid

Rape test is done with the help of ____

Semen | They identify fructose because fructose is not present in any other secretion of the body

____ gland in male reproductive system is mainly found in mammals

Prostate

Shape of prostate gland

Chestnut shaped

Prostate gland is present at ___

Base of urinary bladder

pH of secretion of prostate gland

7.3/7.5

Fluid of prostate gland is

Milky Sticky Jelly like

Prostate gland produces ___% of semen

30%

Secretion of prostate gland help in

Activation of sperm

No of prostate gland(s)

Secretion of prostate gland gives ___ to semen

Characteristic smell

Prostate gland secretion consists of

CCPP Citrate ion Calcium ion Phosphate ion Profibrinolysin

____ is the marker enzyme of prostate gland which is used to detect prostate cancer

Acid phosphatase

No of Cowper gland

1 pair

Describe Cowper gland

Small and pea shaped

Where is Cowper gland present

Base of penis

Where does cowper gland open into

Membranous urethra

pH of secretion of Cowper gland

7.2

Main job of secretion of Cowper gland

Provide lubrication during sexual intercourse

Alkaline semen helps in

Neutralises acidity of vagina

Semen = __+___

Sperm | Secretion form accessory reproductive glands

If semen forcefully ejaculated into vagina from penis, it is called

Insemination

Each ejaculate of 2.5-5 ml of semen contains ___ sperms

200-300 million sperms

— sperms are present per ml of semen

20-120 million

If sperm count is v.less or nil, it is called

Azoospermia

If sperm count is less than 20million /ml of semen, it is called

Oligospermia

Seminal plasma is

Liquid portion of semen

Seminal plasma contains __&___&___

Fructose Calcium Certain enzymes

If ___% of sperms show ____, male becomes fertile

60% Normal shape and size (Out of which 40% sperm must show high motility)

Semen is forcefully expelled from penis by contraction of ____ this is called ____

Smooth muscles around urethra Ejaculatory

If semen is expelled into vagina of female, it is known as

Insemination

What is spermination

After taking nutrition from Sertoli cells, spermatozoa comes into lumen of seminiferous tubules

Just read this 🥛🍿🍜

When semen comes out from penis, it coagulates to save its sperms energy and then when it reaches the female genitalia, semen liquified again so it’s speed increases with the help of FIBRINOLYSIN

What is prostatomegaly

Cancer of prostate gland

What happens in prostatomegaly

Hypertrophy (overgrowth) of prostrate gland

Give 2 points about prostatitis

Swelling in prostate gland Difficult urinination

When mumps spreads to testes it is called

Orchitis

What happens in orchitis

Swelling in testes

Full form of ADAM

Androgen deficiency in aging males

ADAM is aka

Male menopause

Give 2 features of androgen defincirny in aging males

Testosterone decreases in a high amount Spermatogenesis stops

What is impotency

Erection of penis does not occur during sexual intercourse

Treatment of impotency

Nitric oxide drugs (like viagra ) It increases blood supply to the penis

What is hydrocoel

Fluid is accumulated in tunica vaginalis

Ovary produces

Ova and hormones

Describe ovary

Small | Almond shaped

Length diameter and thickness of ovary

Length : 2-4 cm Diameter : 3cm Thick: 1 cm

Location of ovary

Near kidney in lower abdominal cavity

Ovary is suspended with the help of

Mesovarium

Outermost layer of ovary

Germinal epithelium

Germinal epithelium is a modification of

Cuboidal epithelium

Which layer is beneath the germinal epithelium covering the ovary

Tunica albugenia

What is on top of germinal epithelium on ovary but not actually layer of ovary

Peritonium

Medulla of ovary contains (5)

``` Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue Blood vessel Lymph vessels Smooth muscles ```

Cortex contains

Ovarian follicles

ovary contains 2 regions namely

cortex | medulla

cortex + medulla=

stroma

ovary is covered by

germinal epithelial tissue | tunica albugenia

germinal epithelium gives rise to

oogonia

oogonia gives rise to

primary oocyte

primary oocyte gives rise to

secondary oocyte

secondary oocyte gives rise to

ova

ova is formed in ___

fallopian tube

formation of ova is called

oogenesis

primary follicle gives rise to

secondary follicle

secondaryfollicle gives rise to

tertiary follicle

tertiary follicle gives rise to

graffian follicle

graffian follicle gives rise to

corpus luteum

corpus luteum gives rise to

corpus albicans

when primary oocyte gets surrounded by ___ cells, it is called primary folllicle

granulosa

when primary follicle gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and ___ layer is formd, it is called ___

theca | secondary follicle

secondary follicle is transpormed into tertiary follicle , in which ___ is present and __ and ___ are organised

antrum theca externa theca interna

antrum is a ___ filled cavity

liquid (liquid called liquor follculi)

tertiary follicle contains primary oocyte which shows___ and thus secondary oocyte and 1st polar body form..now it is known as ___

meiosis 1 graffian follicles

__ and ___ are well developed in graffian follicles

theca | antrum

externally, scrotum looks like a single pouch of skin separated into 2 lateral portions by a median ridge called

raphe

Spermatogonia embryonic layer

Mesoderm | Enter testes at 5th week of development

Seminiferous tubules contains 2 types of cells namely

Spermatogonia | Sertoli cells

In graffian follicular two layers are present namely

Theca externa | Theca interna

Theca externa is a ____ layer

Fiberous layer

Theca interna is made up of

Follicular cells

Eccentric cavity is present in graffian follicles known as

Antrum

Follicular cells secrete

Liquor folliculi

In graffian follicles ___ oocyte is presents

Secondary

Secondary oocyte layers name

Corona radiata | Zona pellucida

Corona radiata is made up of

Follicular cells

____ is a non cellular layer made of glycoproteins

Zona pellucida

Secondary oocyte is connected to theca interna by ___

``` Pedicel Stalk Germ hill Discus proligerous Cumulus oophorus ```

Cumulus oophorus is aka

Pedicel Stalk Germ hill Discus proligerus

After ovulation, graffian follicles are converted to

Corpus luteum

Corpus luteum is aka

Yellow body | Macula lutea

Corpus luteum is equivalent to

Macula lutea

Corpus luteum is yellow due to

Luetin pigment

Corpus luteum secretes

Estrogen | Progesterone

At the last of menstural cycle, corpus luteum is converted to

Corpus Albicans

Corpus albicans is aka

White body

Why is corpus albicans white in color

It is made of fiberous tissue

Ovarian ligament/ ligament of ovary attaches the ovary to the uterus

Ovary is attached to the peritonium by a double layered fold called

Mesovarium

Fallopian tube is aka

Oviduct | Müllerian duct

Length of Fallopian tube

10-12 cm

Describe Fallopian tube in 3 words

Ciliated Muscular Tubular

Fallopian tube is suspended by

Mesosalpinax

In Fallopian tube, peristalsis occurs which helps in

Movement of secondary oocyte towards ampulla

Fertilization site is

Ampulla of Fallopian tube

Isthmus part of Fallopian tube is embedded in uterus is known as

Intramural or interstitial part

___ is the funnel shaped part of Fallopian tube

Infundibulum

Infundibulum contains finger like projections called

Fimbrae

Fimbrae helps to collect

Secondary oocyte

Name the 3 parts of Fallopian tube

Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum

___ is wide part of Fallopian tube

Ampulla

___ is narrow part of Fallopian tube

Isthamus

Uterus is aka (3)

Hystera Metra Womb

Removal of uterus is known as

Hysterectomy

Capacity of uterus

10-5000 cm cube

Describe uterus in 4 words

Large Hollow Muscular Highly vascular

Shape of uterus

Inverted pear shaped

Uterus is suspended by

Mesomatrium

Uterus location

Pelvis region between urinary bladder and rectum

Name the 3 parts of uterus

Fundus Body Cervix

___+___=birth canal

Vagina | Cervical canal

____ has most powerful sphincters of female body

Cervix

Name the 2 types of sphincters in cervix

External os | Internal os

Name the 3 walls of uterus

Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

Describe outer layer of uterus (perimetrium)

Membranous and serous layer

Describe myometrium of uterus

Thick and highly muscular

Endometrium of uterus describe

Highly vascular Glandular Columnar ET present

Perimetrium is made of (3)

Simple squamous epithelium Mesothelium Peritonium

Myometrium is made of

Smooth muscles

During menstural cycle ___ is shed out

Endometrium

Length of vagina

8 cm

Vagina has or does not have glands

Does not have glands

Mucus membrane is present in vagina

Vagina is lined by which epithelium

Non keritinised stratified squamous epithelium

The mucus membrane of vagina forms folds known as

Vaginal rugae

Vaginal opening is surrounded by a membrane called

Hymen membrane

the mucus membrane of vagina forms folds called

vaginal rugae

vaginal opeining is surrounded by a membrane called

hymen membrane

what is the pH of vagina

4-5

external genitilia of female is known as

vulva

a depression present on vulva is called

vestiblue

vestibule has 2 openings namely

urethral and vaginal opening (opening is aka orifice)

vestibular area is surrounded by

2 pairs of moist skin folds (labia majora and minora)

which is the large skin fold surrounding vestibular are of vagiana?

labia majora

which is the small skin fold surrounding vestibular are of vagiana?

labia minora

labia mojora is analogus to

scrotum

____ is fused on anterior side to form clitoris

labia minora

posterior part of labia minora forms

fourchette

clitoris is homologus to

penis

the space between fourchette and anus is called

perinium

what is small, erectile, finger like, cylindrical

clitoris

clitoris is covered by

prepuce

clitoris contains ___ corpora cavernosa and ___ corpora spongiosa

2 | 0

labia majora on upper side forms ___/___

mons pubis | mons veneris

mons pubis contains ______ tissue

subcutaneous connective tissue

onthe outer surface of ______, oil glands, sweat glands and hair follicles are present

labia majora

vestibular glands of female are ____ glands

accessory glands

the vestibular glands are divided into ____ and _____

greater vestibular or Bartholin gland | lesser vestibular or paraurethral or Skene's gland

____ gland of female secretes lubricating fluid

skenes or paraurethral or lesser vestibular glands

Bartholin gland is ___ color

reddish yellow

Bartholin gland location

lateral side of vagina

Bartholin gland secretes

alkaline fluid(neutralizes acidity from urine near vagina)

number of greater vestibular glands

1 pair

lesser vestibular locationn

present around urethra

Mammary glands are located on ____ muscles

Pectoralis major muscles

Each mammary glands contains ____ mammary lobes

15-20 lobes

Mammary lobes are separated by _____ tissues

dense Connective tissues and adipose tissues

Mammary glands are a modification of

Sweat 😓 gland

Which type of gland is mammary gland

Compound tubulo alveolar gland

Mammary glands contain clusters of cells shaped like ____ known as ___

Grapes | Alveoli

Give the path of milk in mammary glands

``` Alveoli Mammary tubules Mammary duct Ampulla Lacteferous duct Nipple ```

Number of lacteferous duct = number of _____

Mammary lobes (15-20)

Diameter of each lacteferous duct

0.5 mm

Pinkish area around nipple is known as

Areola

Nipples are vestigial in

Male

In ___(4), testes is intra abdominal

Elephant Aquatic mammals (whale and dolphin) seal Prototheria

Just after the birth of a child, mothers mammary gland secrete a ___ color fluid called ____

Yellow | Colostrum

Colostrum contains ___ antibody which provides passive immunity

IgA

In mammary gland, alveolar system is developed by

Progesterone

Duct system of mammary glands is developed by

Estrogen

For development of mammary gland, ____ and ____ are required

Progesterone | Estrogen

Technique used to detect breast cancer

Mammography

Removal of breast of cancer detected

Masectomy

What is endometriosis

Overgrowth of endometrium

Endometriosis can be seen during

Menopause | Ovary removal

What is oophorocystosis

Cyst formation (when theca externa of GF becomes too hard) in ovary Since GF not developed, female becomes sterile

What happens in ectopic pregnancy

When development of embryo takes place outside the uterus

What is cervical cancer

Cancer of cervix

Test to detect cervical cancer

Pap smear test

What is oophoritis

Inflammation in ovary

What is dysmenorrhea

Excess pain during mensturation

Amenorrhoea?

Mensturation absent

What is it called when someone has excessive mensturation

Menorrhagia

Gametogenesis starts from ____ cells

Primordial germ cells

Primordial germ cells are ______ in origin

Extragonidial

Primordial germ cells are formed in

Extra embryonic mesoderm

Spermatogenesis takes place in 2 stages namely

Spermatocytogenesis | Spermiogenesis

Spermatocytogenesis includes formation of ___ from ____

Spermatid from PGCs

Spermatocytogenesis has 3 phases namely

Multiplication(mitosis) Growth Maturation (meisosis 1&2)

9 changes during spermiogenesis

Motility occurs in sperm Weight of sperm decreases Nucleus becomes compact and forms head of sperm known as spermatid On head, acrosome present like a cap Acrosome develops from Golgi body of spermatid Acrosome has spermolysis Mitochondria of spermatid forms mitochondrial spiral known as Nebenkern Centriole differentiated into proximal and distal centriole Tail formation occurs

Acrosome develops from

Golgi body of spermatid

Mitochondria of spermatid form mitochondrial spiral known as

Nebenkern

Human Reproduction Flashcards

(305 cards)