Bones

Question 1

Name 5 reasons why your skeleton is important

Answer 1

Movement
Protection (of internal organs)
Support (shape)
Storage
Blood cell production

Question 2

How many bones are in the human body?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

What bones does the axial skeleton contain?

Answer 3

Bones of head, neck, back and chest

(it is the vertical central axis of the body)

Question 4

How many bones does the axial skeleton contain?

Answer 4

80

Question 5

What is the role of the axial skeleton?

Answer 5

Protects the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs

Question 6

What bones does the appendicular skeleton contain?

Answer 6

Bone of upper and lower limbs and the pelvic girdle.

Question 7

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton contain?

Answer 7

126

Question 8

What is the role of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 8

Designed for movement and stability

Question 9

Name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each one

Answer 9

Long = femur
Short = carpal
Flat = frontal
Sesamoid = patella
Irregular = vertebrae

Question 10

What are the similarities between tendons and ligaments?

Answer 10

Located around joints.
Made of collagen.

Question 11

What are the differences between tendons and ligaments?

Answer 11

Tendons bind muscle to muscle and transfer force.
Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilise structure.

Question 12

Name 5 anatomical landmarks of long bones

Answer 12

Diaphysis
Ephiysis
Epiphysial line
Medullary cavity
Understeer

Question 13

Describe the diaphysis

Answer 13

Shaft of the bone
Composed of cortical bone
Allows the bone to withstand high forces without bending or breaking

Question 14

Describe the epiphysis

Answer 14

Expanded ends of long bone
Composed of trabecula bone

Question 15

Describe the epiphysial line

Answer 15

It is formed when the the growth of bone has stopped

Question 16

Describe the medullary cavity

Answer 16

Inside the bone
Contains bone marrow
Red blood cells are produced

Question 17

Describe the understeer

Answer 17

Less well-defined layer of connective tissue
Found in the inner wall of bone cavities

Question 18

What do bones contain?

Answer 18

Inorganic material (65%)
Organic material (10%)
Magnesium, sodium and bicarbonate (25%)

Question 19

What does the inorganic material in bones do?

Answer 19

Responsible for hardening the tissue (calcification)

Question 20

What does the organic material in bones do?

Answer 20

Provide flexibility to the bone and tensile strength

Question 21

What happens if there is no collagen in the bone?

Answer 21

It becomes brittle

Question 22

What happens if there is no minerals in the bone?

Answer 22

It becomes flexible

Question 23

What are the paradoxical properties of bones?

Answer 23

• lift weight to allow movement
• hard and strong to resist external force
• stiff to provide rigidity for leverage
• flexible to absorb energy

Question 24

Name the 2 materials bones can be made from

Answer 24

Cortical
Trabecular

Question 25

Give a physical description of cortical bones

Answer 25

Smooth and solid Cylinder shape Dense protective shell Designed for strength

Question 26

Give a physical description of trabecular bones

Answer 26

Light, porous, spongy and mesh like Rigid lattice designed to make bones lighter Used for strength

Question 27

Name the fundamental unit (1st level structure) of cortical bones

Answer 27

Osteons

Question 28

Name the fundamental unit (1st level structure) of trabecular bones

Answer 28

Trabeculae

Question 29

Give the % of skeletal muscle of each bone material type

Answer 29

Cortical = 80% Trabecular = 20%

Question 30

Describe the location of cortical bones

Answer 30

Around all bones Beneath the periosteum In shafts of long bonds 99:5 radial diaphysis cortical: trabecula

Question 31

Describe the location of trabecular bones

Answer 31

Vertebrae Flat bones End of long bones Vertebra 25:75 cortical: trabecular

Question 31

Name the 3 types of bone cells

Answer 31

Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Question 31

Name the function and location of osteoblasts

Answer 31

Function: bone formation, help synthesis and secrete collagen which is needed to build new bone tissue Location: growing portions of the bone (including the periosteum and endosteum)

Question 31

Name the function and location of osteocytes

Answer 31

Function: maintain mineral concentration of matrix, maintain daily cellular activities of bone tissue, sense mechanical strain. Location: entrapped in the matrix

Question 32

Name the function and location of osteoclasts

Answer 32

Function: bone reabsorption Location: bone surfaces and at the site of old, injured or unneeded bones

Question 33

What are osteogenic cells?

Answer 33

Unspecialised stem cells which undergo cell division

Question 34

Describe what coupled bone remodelling is

Answer 34

Takes place in normal bones. Bone resorption = bone formation No change in bone mineral density Equal activity of osteoblast and osteoclasts

Question 35

Describe what uncoupled bone remodelling is

Answer 35

Takes place in osteoporosis Bone resorption > bone formation Lose of bone mineral density resulting in thinner, brittle bones

Question 36

What is ossification?

Answer 36

The process by which bones form

Question 37

What is interstitial growth?

Answer 37

Bone growth in length Occurs in the epiphyseal plate

Question 38

What is appositional growth?

Answer 38

Bone growth in width

Question 39

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 39

The region where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis

Question 40

What does Wolff's Law state?

Answer 40

'Bone adapts to loads under which it is placed' Structure and shape of bone can be altered over time in response to loading.

Question 41

Explain what happens during bone formation

Answer 41

Response to increased stress Osteoblasts dominate Bone becomes stronger

Question 42

Explain what happens during bone resorption

Answer 42

Response to decreased stress Osteoclasts dominate Bone becomes weaker

Question 43

What does 'mechanostat' state (Harold Frost)

Answer 43

Bones adapt with an aim to keep bone strain consistent and at an optimal level by altering bones structure

Question 44

Name common diseases of the skeletal system

Answer 44

1. arthritis: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis 2. bone diseases: rickets, osteoporosis, osteopenia 3. common skeletal injury in sport: stress fracture

Question 45

What happens when astronauts leave earth?

Answer 45

Their bones experience a gradual loss in bone density (1-2% per month)

Question 46

What can occur when athletes over train microfractures?

Answer 46

Stress fractures