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Anatomy and kinesiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles?

A

Effectors which enable movement to be carried out

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2
Q

Name the three types of muscles

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • made from fusiform cells
  • one nucleus per cell
  • non straited
  • involuntary
  • slow wave-like contractions
  • fatigue very slowly
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4
Q

Where are smooth muscles found and explain their function and each location

A

Circulatory system: helps in the circulation of the blood
Digestive system: controls digestive
Respiratory system: controls breathing
Urinary system: controls unrination

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5
Q

Describe cardiac muscles

A
  • branched cells (interconnected)
  • one/two nuclei per cell
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • medium speed contractions
  • found only in the heart
  • contractions of the heart muscles pumps blood throughout the body and account for heartbeat
  • healthy cardiac muscle never fatigues
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6
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • long, cylindrical cells
  • many nuclei per cell
  • striated
  • voluntary
  • rapid contractions
  • attached to skeleton by tendons
  • causes movement of bones at the joint
  • fatigue
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7
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Muscles that can be moved at will

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8
Q

What are involuntary muscles?

A

Muscles that cannot be move intentionally

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9
Q

What are striated muscles?

A

Muscles that have stripes across the fibre

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10
Q

What are non-striated muscles?

A

Muscles that have no stripes across the fibre

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11
Q

Name the functions of muscles

A

Create movement
Maintains posture and muscle tone
Heat production
Protects the bones and internal organs
Movement of substances in the body

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12
Q

Explain how muscles produce movement

A

Muscles move bones by pulling not pushing as skeletal muscles can only shorten

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13
Q

What is synergist?

A

Any movement is generally accomplished by more than one muscle. All of the muscles responsible for the movement are synergists.

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14
Q

What is the agonist?

A

The muscle responsible for movement
(prime mover)
Contracts

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15
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The muscle that opposes movement.
Relaxes

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16
Q

What are levators?

A

Muscles that raise a body part

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17
Q

Name the skeletal muscle actions

A

Extensor
Flexor
Adductor
Abductor
Levator
Depressor
Rotator
Sphincter

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18
Q

Describe extensor

A

Increasing the angle at a joint

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19
Q

Describe flexor

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint

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20
Q

Describe abductor

A

Moving limbs away from midline of the body

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21
Q

Describe adductor

A

Moving limbs towards midline of the body

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22
Q

Describe levator

A

Moving insertion upwards

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23
Q

Describe depressor

A

Moving insertion downwards

24
Q

Describe rotator

A

Rotating a bone along its axis

25
Q

Describe sphincter

A

Constricting an opening

26
Q

What is the origin?

A

The location where the tendon joins a relatively stable skeletal (generally the proximal end)

27
Q

What is the insertion?

A

The point of distal muscle attachment to the moving bone

28
Q

What is proximal?

A

Closer to the midline or closer to the point of attachment

29
Q

What is distal?

A

Further away from midline or further away from point of limb attachment

30
Q

What sort of pattern does a myofibril have?

A

Cross-striated pattern

31
Q

What is the I band?

A

Represents the lighter actin filaments

32
Q

What is the A band?

A

Represents darker myosin filaments and lighter actin filaments overlapping each other

33
Q

What is the Z line?

A

Bisects I band and adheres to sarcolemma to provide structural stability

34
Q

What is the M band?

A

Bisects H zone and consists of protein structures that support arrangement of myosin filaments

35
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Only dark myosin filaments

36
Q

What does the sliding filament theory propose?

A

A muscle shortens or lengthens because thick myosin and thin actin slide past each other without changing length.

37
Q

Explain the process of the sliding filament theory

A
  1. Myosin cross bridges cyclically attract, rotate and detach from actin filaments with energy from ATP hydrolysis.
  2. Produces change in relative size within sarcomere’s zones and bands and produces force at Z bands.
  3. I band decreases as the Z bands are pulled towards the centre of each sarcomere.
38
Q

What affects muscle’s force and power generating capacity?

A

Differences in sarcomere alignment

39
Q

Describe fusiform fibres

A

Spindle shaped fibres.
Run parallel to muscle’s long axis and taper at its tendinous attachment.
Fibre length equals muscle length.
Facilitates rapid muscle shortening.

40
Q

Describe pennate fibres

A

Contain shorter fibres
Possess more individual fibres.
Exhibits less range of motion
Generate considerable power

41
Q

Pennate fibres lie at oblique pennation angle; what does this allow?

A

Packing of large numbers of fibres into a smaller cross sectional area,
Allows individual muscle fibres to remain short while overall muscle attains considerable length.

42
Q

Name type 1 muscle fibre types

A

Slow twitch
Slow oxidative

43
Q

Name type 2a muscle fibre types

A

Fast twitch a
Fast oxidative glycolytic

44
Q

Name type 2b muscle fibre types

A

Fast twitch x
Fast glycolytic

45
Q

Describe the features of type 1 fibres

A

Contraction time: slow
Size of motor neuron: small
Force production: low
Resistance to fatigue: high
Mitochondrial density: high
Capillary density: high
Oxidative capacity: high
Glycolytic capacity: low

46
Q

Describe the features of type 2a fibres

A

Contraction time: moderately fast
Size of motor neuron: medium
Force production: medium
Resistance to fatigue: moderate
Mitochondrial density: intermediate
Capillary density: intermediate
Oxidative capacity: intermediate
Glycolytic capacity: high

47
Q

Describe the features of type 2b fibres

A

Contraction time: fast
Size of motor neuron: large
Force production: high
Resistance to fatigue: low
Mitochondrial density: low
Capillary density: low
Oxidative capacity: low
Glycolytic capacity: high

48
Q

Describe a concentric contraction

A

The force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance.
Muscle shortens as it contracts.

49
Q

Describe an eccentric contraction

A

The force generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscles and the muscle fibres lengthen as they contract.
An eccentric contraction is used as a means of decelerating a body part or lowering a load gently.

50
Q

Describe an isometric contraction

A

The muscle remains the same length whilst contracting.

51
Q

Describe an isotonic contraction

A

The tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length.
Can only occur when a muscle’s maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle.

52
Q

Describe an isokinetic contraction

A

The muscle contraction velocity remains constant whilst force remains constant.
Primarily an analysis method used in experiments on isolated muscles.

53
Q

What is the fulcrum?

A

Moving joint

54
Q

What is resistance?

A

Gravity pulling on the body

55
Q

What is effort?

A

Muscle contraction

Anatomy and kinesiology (9 decks)

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