Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and kinesiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are muscles?

A

Effectors which enable movement to be carried out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the three types of muscles

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • made from fusiform cells
  • one nucleus per cell
  • non straited
  • involuntary
  • slow wave-like contractions
  • fatigue very slowly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are smooth muscles found and explain their function and each location

A

Circulatory system: helps in the circulation of the blood
Digestive system: controls digestive
Respiratory system: controls breathing
Urinary system: controls unrination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe cardiac muscles

A
  • branched cells (interconnected)
  • one/two nuclei per cell
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • medium speed contractions
  • found only in the heart
  • contractions of the heart muscles pumps blood throughout the body and account for heartbeat
  • healthy cardiac muscle never fatigues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • long, cylindrical cells
  • many nuclei per cell
  • striated
  • voluntary
  • rapid contractions
  • attached to skeleton by tendons
  • causes movement of bones at the joint
  • fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Muscles that can be moved at will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are involuntary muscles?

A

Muscles that cannot be move intentionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are striated muscles?

A

Muscles that have stripes across the fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are non-striated muscles?

A

Muscles that have no stripes across the fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the functions of muscles

A

Create movement
Maintains posture and muscle tone
Heat production
Protects the bones and internal organs
Movement of substances in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain how muscles produce movement

A

Muscles move bones by pulling not pushing as skeletal muscles can only shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is synergist?

A

Any movement is generally accomplished by more than one muscle. All of the muscles responsible for the movement are synergists.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the agonist?

A

The muscle responsible for movement
(prime mover)
Contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

The muscle that opposes movement.
Relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are levators?

A

Muscles that raise a body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the skeletal muscle actions

A

Extensor
Flexor
Adductor
Abductor
Levator
Depressor
Rotator
Sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe extensor

A

Increasing the angle at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe flexor

A

Decreasing the angle at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe abductor

A

Moving limbs away from midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe adductor

A

Moving limbs towards midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe levator

A

Moving insertion upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe depressor

Study These Flashcards
A

Moving insertion downwards

24
Q

Describe rotator

Study These Flashcards
A

Rotating a bone along its axis

25
Describe sphincter
Constricting an opening
26
What is the origin?
The location where the tendon joins a relatively stable skeletal (generally the proximal end)
27
What is the insertion?
The point of distal muscle attachment to the moving bone
28
What is proximal?
Closer to the midline or closer to the point of attachment
29
What is distal?
Further away from midline or further away from point of limb attachment
30
What sort of pattern does a myofibril have?
Cross-striated pattern
31
What is the I band?
Represents the lighter actin filaments
32
What is the A band?
Represents darker myosin filaments and lighter actin filaments overlapping each other
33
What is the Z line?
Bisects I band and adheres to sarcolemma to provide structural stability
34
What is the M band?
Bisects H zone and consists of protein structures that support arrangement of myosin filaments
35
What is the H zone?
Only dark myosin filaments
36
What does the sliding filament theory propose?
A muscle shortens or lengthens because thick myosin and thin actin slide past each other without changing length.
37
Explain the process of the sliding filament theory
1. Myosin cross bridges cyclically attract, rotate and detach from actin filaments with energy from ATP hydrolysis. 2. Produces change in relative size within sarcomere's zones and bands and produces force at Z bands. 3. I band decreases as the Z bands are pulled towards the centre of each sarcomere.
38
What affects muscle's force and power generating capacity?
Differences in sarcomere alignment
39
Describe fusiform fibres
Spindle shaped fibres. Run parallel to muscle's long axis and taper at its tendinous attachment. Fibre length equals muscle length. Facilitates rapid muscle shortening.
40
Describe pennate fibres
Contain shorter fibres Possess more individual fibres. Exhibits less range of motion Generate considerable power
41
Pennate fibres lie at oblique pennation angle; what does this allow?
Packing of large numbers of fibres into a smaller cross sectional area, Allows individual muscle fibres to remain short while overall muscle attains considerable length.
42
Name type 1 muscle fibre types
Slow twitch Slow oxidative
43
Name type 2a muscle fibre types
Fast twitch a Fast oxidative glycolytic
44
Name type 2b muscle fibre types
Fast twitch x Fast glycolytic
45
Describe the features of type 1 fibres
Contraction time: slow Size of motor neuron: small Force production: low Resistance to fatigue: high Mitochondrial density: high Capillary density: high Oxidative capacity: high Glycolytic capacity: low
46
Describe the features of type 2a fibres
Contraction time: moderately fast Size of motor neuron: medium Force production: medium Resistance to fatigue: moderate Mitochondrial density: intermediate Capillary density: intermediate Oxidative capacity: intermediate Glycolytic capacity: high
47
Describe the features of type 2b fibres
Contraction time: fast Size of motor neuron: large Force production: high Resistance to fatigue: low Mitochondrial density: low Capillary density: low Oxidative capacity: low Glycolytic capacity: high
48
Describe a concentric contraction
The force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance. Muscle shortens as it contracts.
49
Describe an eccentric contraction
The force generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscles and the muscle fibres lengthen as they contract. An eccentric contraction is used as a means of decelerating a body part or lowering a load gently.
50
Describe an isometric contraction
The muscle remains the same length whilst contracting.
51
Describe an isotonic contraction
The tension in the muscle remains constant despite a change in muscle length. Can only occur when a muscle's maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle.
52
Describe an isokinetic contraction
The muscle contraction velocity remains constant whilst force remains constant. Primarily an analysis method used in experiments on isolated muscles.
53
What is the fulcrum?
Moving joint
54
What is resistance?
Gravity pulling on the body
55
What is effort?
Muscle contraction

Anatomy and kinesiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions