Head, neck and trunk

Question 1

How many bones are in the skull?

Answer 1

22

Question 2

How many cranium bone are there?

Answer 2

8

Question 4

How many facial bones are there?

Answer 4

14

Question 5

What are the functions of the skull?

Answer 5

Protects the brain.
A site of muscle attachment.
Provides facial expressions.
Provide some key functions in relation to the entry of the respiratory and digestive systems.

Question 6

What is the function of the cranium bones?

Answer 6

Form the vault that encloses and protect the brain.

Question 7

Name the cranium bones

Answer 7

Parietal (x2)
Temporal (x2)
Frontal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid

Question 8

What is the function of the facial bones?

Answer 8

Form sinuses
Offer sound chambers
Offer unique inner surfaces which attach membranes, blood vessels and nerves.

Question 9

Name the facial bones

Answer 9

Inferior nasal concha (x2)
Lacrimal (x2)
Mandible
Maxilla (x2)
Nasal bones (x2)
Palatine bones (x2)
Vomer
Zygomatic bones (x2)

Question 10

What are sutures?

Answer 10

Where bones of the skull ossify and become united over time.

Question 11

Name three sutures

Answer 11

Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Coronal suture

Question 12

What bones are united at the sagittal suture?

Answer 12

The two parietal bones.

Question 13

What bones are united at the lambdoid suture?

Answer 13

The parietal bones and the sutural bone.

Question 14

Name three muscles

Answer 14

Orbicularis oris
Orbicularis oculi
Masseter

Question 15

Describe the orbicularis oris

Answer 15

Circular muscles that surround the mouth.
It functions to close the mouth.
It also functions by supporting swallowing, whistling, chewing and pronunciation of works.
Origin = maxilla and mandible
Insertion = skin around the lips

Question 16

Describe the orbicularis occuli

Answer 16

Circular muscle
It is key in closing the eye and depressing the forehead.
Origin = zygomatic process
Insertion = around the eye socket

Question 17

Describe the masseter

Answer 17

Jaw muscle
Elevates the mandible (jawbone)
If it gets smaller it will elevate the jaw.
Based on its size and weight it is the strongest muscle in the body.
Origin = zygomatic process
Insertion = mandible

Question 18

Describe the atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 18

The joint between the atlas and occiput.
It is an oval shape process which fits into an elongated cavity.
It allows flexion, extension and lateral flexion.
It is an ellipsoid joint.
It allows the movement of shaking the head up and down.

Question 19

Describe the atlanto-axial joint

Answer 19

Joint between atlas and axis.
They are bilateral which allow a gliding motion and allow some pivoting motion around the dens.
The dens provide the pivot for rotation.
It allows the movement of shaking the head from left to right.

Question 20

What does the atlas do?

Answer 20

Supports the head

Question 21

Name 5 muscles of the neck

Answer 21

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Trapezius
Levator scapulae

Question 22

Describe the platysma

Answer 22

Origin = skin/fascia of the infra and supra clavicular regions.
Insertion = lower border of the mandible, skin of the buccal/check region, lower lip, modiolus, orbicularis oris muscle.
Action = depresses mandible. Tenses skin of the neck.

Question 23

Describe the sternocleidomastoid

Answer 23

Runs lateral to the neck.
Origin = sternum, medial clavicle
Insertion = mastoid process and the temporal and occipital bones
Action: lateral flexion of the head and rotation of the neck

Question 24

Describe the scalene

Answer 24

Anterior, posterior, and middle.
Located in the lateral aspect of the neck and collectively form part of the posterior triangle of the neck.
Origin = transverse process of the cervical vertebrae.
Insertion = 1st and 2nd rib.
Action: accessory muscles in respiration. Involves elevation of the ribs during inspiration which help increase the size of the lungs.

Question 25

Describe the trapezius

Answer 25

Origin = deep within suborbital area and spinal processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Insertion = spine, clavicle and scapula Action = elevation and depression of the scapula. It is a large muscle that crosses several areas, and its different portions allow different movements.

Question 26

Describe the levator scapulae

Answer 26

Origin = posterior tubercle of the transverse processes Insertion = superior-medial scapula Lies deeper to the sternocleidomastoid and deeper to the trapezius. Action: elevates the scapulae and tilts the glenoid cavity. When it is activity, we see some downward rotation of the scapula.

Question 27

Name the primary muscles during inspiration

Answer 27

External intercostals: elevate the ribs upwards Diaphragm: flattens and descends

Question 28

Name the accessory muscles during inspiration

Answer 28

Sternocleidomastoid: elevates the sternum Scalene: elevates the upper ribs Pectoralis minor: help to increase thoracic cavity

Question 29

What happens during quiet breathing (Expiration)?

Answer 29

Passive elastic recoil of the lungs, rub cage and diaphragm.

Question 30

What muscles are involved in active breathing (expiration)?

Answer 30

Internal intercostals: pull the ribs downwards. Abdominals: helps pull the ribs downwards and compress the thoracic cavity. Quadratus lumborum

Question 31

Describe the diaphragm

Answer 31

Origin: lower 6 costal cartilage, xiphoid processes, L1-L5 vertebrae Insertion: central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 32

Describe the external intercostals

Answer 32

Inspiration Origin: inferior rib Insertion: superior rib Action: expansion of the chest

Question 33

Describe the internal intercostals

Answer 33

Expiration Origin: superior rib Insertion: inferior rib Action: draw the chest inwards

Question 34

What sports are more prone to neck injuries?

Answer 34

Wrestling Judo Ice hockey Rugby Football

Question 35

How can neck injuries be sustained?

Answer 35

Repetitive contact High forces Hyperextension/hyperflexion of the cervical spine during collisions/impacts can lead to injury.

Question 36

What are the muscles in the neck important for?

Answer 36

Providing stability Ensure safe position of the head Control head and neck (limit end range of motion) Stabilise the head and reduce the risk of sport related concussions.

Question 37

Name neck injuries

Answer 37

Joint facet Muscle strains Nerve root neuropathy Paralysis