Terminology in anatomy and kinesiology

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

Structure of the body
Focus on structure
E.g., study on the bicep brachii

Question 2

What is functional anatomy?

Answer 2

Body components necessary to achieve a goal
Focus on function
E.g., analysis of bicep curl

Question 3

What is kinesiology?

Answer 3

Scientific study of human movement
Anatomical, physiology, psychological, biomechanical

Question 4

What is biomechanics?

Answer 4

Application of mechanics to biological systems
More specific than kinesiology

Question 5

Name the 2 types of skeleton

Answer 5

Axial
Appendicular

Question 6

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Answer 6

Head, neck and trunk

Question 7

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 7

Upper and lower extremities
Hips
Arms and legs

Question 8

Name the 4 reference systems

Answer 8

Axes
Origin
Relative
Absolute

Question 9

What is the ‘axes’ reference system?

Answer 9

Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles

Question 10

What is the ‘origin’ reference system?

Answer 10

Point of intersection of axis

Question 11

What is the ‘relative’ reference system?

Answer 11

Segment movement described relative to adjacent segment

Question 12

What is the ‘absolute’ reference system?

Answer 12

Axes intersect in the centre of a joint

Question 13

Name 2 reference positions

Answer 13

Anatomical
Fundamental

Question 14

Explain the anatomical position

Answer 14

Standard reference point with palms facing the front

Question 15

Explain the fundamental position

Answer 15

Arms more relaxed with palms facing inwards

Question 16

Name the 10 relative positions

Answer 16

1. anterior
2. posterior
3. medial
4. lateral
5. proximal
6. distal
7. superior
8. inferior
9. ipsilateral
10. contralateral

Question 17

Explain anterior

Answer 17

Movement towards the front

Question 18

Explain posterioir

Answer 18

Movement towards the back

Question 19

Explain medial

Answer 19

Towards midline of the body

Question 20

Explain lateral

Answer 20

Away from midline of the body

Question 21

Explain proximal

Answer 21

Towards point of attachment

Question 22

Explain distal

Answer 22

Away from point of attachment

Question 23

Explain superior

Answer 23

Towards the top of the head

Question 24

Explain inferior

Answer 24

Towards the bottom of the feet

Question 25

Explain ipsilateral

Answer 25

On the same side

Question 26

Explain contralateral

Answer 26

On opposite sides

Question 27

What is a plane?

Answer 27

A flat, two dimensional surface which a movement takes place

Question 28

What are cardinal planes?

Answer 28

Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the centre of mass

Question 29

Explain axis of rotation

Answer 29

Point about which movement occurs Perpendicular to plane of motion

Question 30

Name the 3 types of planes

Answer 30

Sagittal Coronal/frontal Transverse/horizontal

Question 31

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 31

Left and right halves Mediolateral axis Flexion and extension Forward and backward motion

Question 32

What is the coronal/frontal plane?

Answer 32

Front and back halves Anteroposterior axis Adduction and abduction Sideways movement

Question 33

What is the transverse/horizontal plane?

Answer 33

Upper and lower halves Longitudinal axis Lateral and medial rotation Rotational movement

Question 34

Define flexion

Answer 34

Decreasing joint angle

Question 35

Define extension

Answer 35

Increasing joint angle

Question 36

Define hyperflexion

Answer 36

Flexion beyond normal range

Question 37

Define hyperextension

Answer 37

Extension beyond normal range

Question 38

Define abduction

Answer 38

Moving away from midline

Question 39

Define adduction

Answer 39

Moving towards midline

Question 40

Define hyperabduction

Answer 40

Abduction past 180 point

Question 41

Define hyperadduction

Answer 41

Adduction past 0 point

Question 42

Define rotation

Answer 42

Medial and lateral

Question 43

Define lateral rotation

Answer 43

Head and trunk only

Question 44

Define circumduction

Answer 44

Movement in a conic fashion

Question 45

Define horizontal adduction

Answer 45

Combination of flexion and adduction

Question 46

Define horizontal abduction

Answer 46

Combination of extension and abduction

Question 47

Define elevation of the scapula

Answer 47

raising the scapula

Question 48

Define depression of the scapula

Answer 48

Lowering the scapula

Question 49

Define protraction of the scapula

Answer 49

Move scapulae apart

Question 50

Define retraction of the scapula

Answer 50

Move scapulae together

Question 51

Define upward rotation of the scapula

Answer 51

Bottom of scapula moves away from trunk Top moves together

Question 52

Define downward rotation of the scapula

Answer 52

Return to normal

Question 53

Define supination of the hand

Answer 53

Turns palms frontwards

Question 54

Define pronation of the hand

Answer 54

Turns palms backward

Question 55

Define radial flexion of the hand

Answer 55

Hand towards thumb

Question 56

Define ulnar flexion of the hand

Answer 56

Hand towards little finger

Question 57

Define plantar flexion of the foot

Answer 57

Increasing angle between foot and shank

Question 58

Define dorsi flexion of the foot

Answer 58

Decreasing angle between foot and shank

Question 59

Define inversion of the foot

Answer 59

Lift medial edge of foot

Question 60

Define eversion of the foot

Answer 60

Lifter lateral edge of foot

Question 61

Define pronation of the foot

Answer 61

Dorsiflexion at ankle Eversion in tarsals Abduction of forefoot

Question 62

Define supination of the foot

Answer 62

Plantarflexion at ankle Inversion in tarsals Adduction of forefoot