Lower extremities and hip

Question 1

Name the lower limb bones

Answer 1

Hip bone
Ischium
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Calcaneus
Metatarsals
Proximal and distal phalanges

Question 2

Name the two sections that the hip bone contains

Answer 2

Ileus crest
Tubercular

Question 3

What does the femur connect to?

Answer 3

Hip bone

Question 4

What does the femur do?

Answer 4

Protects the femur

Question 5

Describe the shape of the femur

Answer 5

At the front it is rounded and at the back it is a triangular shape to allow the hamstring to attach itself to the back of the femur.

Question 6

Name the 4 muscles of the quadriceps

Answer 6

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

Question 7

Describe the rectus femoris

Answer 7

Spans from the hip bone down to the patella.
As it spans two different joint it can be involved in two different movements.
Hip: flexion
Knee: extension
Superficial muscle

Question 8

Describe the vastus lateralis

Answer 8

Located on the medial side of the rectus femoris
Attaches itself to the femur and to the lateral part of the patella.
Involved in extension of the knee.
Superficial muscle.

Question 9

Describe the vastus medialis

Answer 9

Located on the medial side of the thigh.
Involved in extension of the knee
Superficial muscle

Question 10

Describe the vastus intermedius

Answer 10

Attaches itself to the top end of the femur and the patella
Creates extension of the knee

Question 11

Name the 4 adductors of the lower extremities

Answer 11

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis

Question 12

Describe the adductor longus

Answer 12

Moves leg towards the midline of the body.
Lies on the medial side of the thigh.
Insertion point is on the pubic bone.
It spans out towards the medial side of the femur. When it contracts it pulls the leg in towards the body.

Question 13

Describe the pectineus

Answer 13

Attach themselves to the pubic bone and span out to midway up the femur.
Creates inwards rotation

Question 14

Describe the Gracilis

Answer 14

Attaches itself to the medial side of the femur

Question 15

Name the adductor of the lower extremities

Answer 15

Sartorius

Question 16

Describe the sartorius

Answer 16

Located in the distal part of the leg.
Starts off at the anterior superior iliac spine then crosses the quads towards the inside and attaches itself to the bottom of the femur head.
When it contracts it pulls the leg outwards.

Question 17

Name the muscles that make up the iliopsoas

Answer 17

Psoas major
Iliacus

Question 18

Describe the psoas major

Answer 18

Involved in flexion of the hip
Attaches itself to the bottom of the spine and below the head of the femur.

Question 19

Describe the iliacus

Answer 19

Attaches itself to the ileus crest and below the head of the femur.
When it contracts it causes flexion of the hip.

Question 20

Name the two proximal muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 20

Abductors
Hamstrings

Question 21

What are the abductors in the gluteal region involved in?

Answer 21

Abduction of the hip.
Moving the leg away from the midline of the body.

Question 22

What are the hamstrings in the gluteal region involved in?

Answer 22

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee.

Question 23

Name the abductor muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 23

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Tensor fascia Latae

Question 24

Describe the gluteus Medius

Answer 24

Attaches just under the ileus crest and wraps itself towards the trochanter major of the femur.
When it contracts the hip abducts.

Question 25

Describe the gluteus minimus

Answer 25

Attaches itself on the trochanter head

Question 26

Describe the piriformis

Answer 26

Results in abduction and external rotation (feet pointing away from body)

Question 27

Describe the tensor fascia latae

Answer 27

Attaches itself to the iliac tuberculum and runs down the anterior lateral condyle of the tibia. Involved in abduction of the hip.

Question 28

Name the muscles of the hamstring

Answer 28

Bicep femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Question 29

Describe the bicep femoris

Answer 29

Located on the lateral side of the leg. Long and short head. Long head runs over the short head and attaches itself at the top of the hip bone and down to the fibula. Short head inserts at the top of the hip bone but the origin is at the bottom half of the femur.

Question 30

Describe the location of the semimembranosus

Answer 30

Located below the semitendinosus

Question 31

Describe the semitendinosus

Answer 31

Located on the medial side of the femur Superficial muscles involved in flexion of the knee

Question 32

Name the muscles that are involved in movements of the ankle and foot

Answer 32

Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus

Question 33

Describe the tibialis anterior

Answer 33

Attaches itself to the front of the tibia and runs down along the tibia to attach on the ankle. Involved in flexion of the ankle and creates stabilisation within the ankle joint

Question 34

Describe the gastrocnemius

Answer 34

Works in unison with the tibialis anterior to stabilise the ankle. It spans two joints and therefore has two jobs. Involved in extension of the ankle and flexion of the knee. Involved in powerful movements and has a high involvement when walking. Has a medial head and a lateral head.

Question 35

Describe the soleus

Answer 35

Involved in extension of the ankle Postural muscle (has high involvement when standing still) Located close to the bone so therefore plays a bigger role in posture than movement.

Question 36

Describe plantaris

Answer 36

Involved in plantar flexion of the foot. Located behind the knee cap.

Question 37

Describe flexor digitorum longus

Answer 37

Attaches itself to the top third part of the tibia and runs down the foot and attaches to the most distal phalanges on the top (only the medial 4 toes)

Question 38

Describe the flexor hallucis longus

Answer 38

Attaches to the fibula and wraps around the ankle to attach to the big toe. Involved in stability.

Question 39

Describe the extensor digitorum longus

Answer 39

Attaches to the most distal phalanges of the medial 4 toes. Involved in ankle extension. Helps us to control stability.

Question 40

What are the greater and lesser trochanters?

Answer 40

Bony projections that serve as muscle attachments. It is important for where the hip flexors attaches.

Question 41

What is the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 41

A bony projection located at the back of the iliac crest.

Question 42

What is the anterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 42

A bony projection at the front of the iliac crest projection of pelvic tilt. It can be used to identify angle of the pelvic crest.

Question 43

What is a tubercle?

Answer 43

A small rounded prominence where connective tissue attaches.

Question 44

What is a tuberosity?

Answer 44

A moderate prominence where muscles and connective tissue attach.

Question 45

What does biarticular mean?

Answer 45

Any muscle that crosses two joints.

Question 46

What is the origin of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 46

Iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx

Question 47

What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?

Answer 47

Upper posterior femur and ITB.

Question 48

What is the origin of the iliopsoas?

Answer 48

Lumbar spine and pelvis

Question 49

What is the insertion of the iliopsoas?

Answer 49

Lesser trochanter of femur

Question 50

Name the key reasons for tight hip flexors

Answer 50

Sedentary lifestyle Prolonged sitting

Question 51

Name ways to reduce tightness in hip flexors

Answer 51

Regular stretching exercises Breaks from prolonged sitting Strengthening with targeted exercise

Question 52

Where does the vastus group originate from?

Answer 52

Femur

Question 53

Where does the rectus femoris originate from?

Answer 53

Anterior superior iliac spine

Question 54

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 54

Medial and lateral condyle

Question 55

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 55

Calcaneus

Question 56

What is the origin of the tibialis anterioir?

Answer 56

Lateral tibia

Question 57

What is the insertion of the tibialis anterior?

Answer 57

Plantar surface of metatarsals and medial tarsals