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Pathophysiology > Bones And Fractures > Flashcards

Bones And Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What do bones of the skeleton provide?

A

Structural function
Mobility
Support
Protection for the body
Storehouse for essential minerals

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2
Q

What is the epiphysis always covered in?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

A

Widened ares between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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4
Q

What is the main artery of a long bone?

A

Nutrient artery

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5
Q

What is the medullary cavity of a long bone?

A

The hole in the middle

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6
Q

How many layers does the periosteum of a long bone have and what do they do?

A

2 layers
Outer is where the tendons and ligaments attach to
Inner has osteoprogenitor cells

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of osseous tissue?

A

Compact and spongy

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8
Q

What is spongy bone like?

A

Honeycomb network

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9
Q

What is compact bone like?

A

Solid hard layer

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10
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

External layer of all bones

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11
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

In inner parts of the axial skeleton and epiphysis of long bones

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12
Q

How is compact bone arranged?

A

Tissue is arranged in osteons, units of lamellae are laid down in adjoining series of concentric rings

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13
Q

How are the lamellae arranged in spongy bone?

A

In branching columns called trabecular
Spaces between trabecular are filled with either red or yellow bone marrow
Trabeculae are orientated along lines of stress

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14
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found?

A

In the endosteum of bone and inner layer of periosteum

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15
Q

Which cells develops into an osteoblast?

A

Osteogenic cells

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16
Q

Which cells form bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts

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17
Q

Which cells maintain bone tissue?

A

osteocyte

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18
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Build matrix and collagen fibres but cant divide

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19
Q

Which cells clear bone cells?

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

What do osteoclasts come from?

A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Which bone cells are undifferentiated?

A

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells

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22
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

They sit in the lacunae of compact and spongy bones

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23
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

On the surface of the bone

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24
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

In the endosteum and inner layers of periosteum

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25
Where are osteoclasts found?
On the surface of bones
26
Which bone cell is mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix?
Osteocyte
27
Which bone cell is an immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix?
Osteoblast
28
Which bone cell is a stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts?
Osteoprogenitor cell
29
Which bone cell is a multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix ?
Osteoclast
30
What is remodelling in bones?
It is the removal and replacement at the same site
31
What is growth in length of a bone related to?
Cartilage
32
What is growth in width due to?
Osteoblasts making more bone
33
What is widthway growth of a bone called?
Apposition all growth
34
What do the Periosteal arteries supply blood to?
Osteons and the outer part of compact bone
35
Where do Periosteal arteries penetrate bone?
Penetrate the periosteum through Volkmann’s canals
36
Where do the nutrient arteries enter the bone?
Enter through diaphysis through nutrient foramen
37
What do nutrient arteries supply?
Medullary cavity of the inner part of compact bone
38
What do metaphyseal arteries supply?
Spongy bones and marrow in this area
39
Where do metaphyseal arteries enter the bone?
At metaphysics
40
What do epiphyseal arteries supply?
Spongy bone and marrow in this area
41
Where do epiphyseal arteries enter the bone?
Enter at the epiphysis
42
Name 5 factors that remodelling is affected by?
Age Mechanical stress genetics and environment Calcium and phosphate levels Hormones
43
Name 4 bone disorders caused by disorders of development
Agenesis Osteogenesis imperfecta Spina bifida Achondroplasia
44
Name 4 endocrine disorders that can cause bone disorders
Gigantism Acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism Hyper/hypoparathyroidism Postmenopausal osteoporosis
45
Name 3 nutritional problems that can cause bone disorders
Rickets Osteomalacia Scurvy
46
After what age do you slowly begin to lose bone mass?
After mid-30s
47
What is an open/compound fracture?
It is when bone has managed to break through skin -> there is soft tissue involvement
48
What is an impacted fracture?
It is when one fragment is driven into another with such force that 2 bone breaks are forces into each other
49
What is a comminuted fracture?
It is when it is broken into lots of different pieces
50
What is a closed/ simple fracture?
It is when skins not broken and soft tissue involvement is less
51
What is a displaced fracture?
It normally has more than 2 fragments and the fragments have moved from original position due to muscle spasm
52
What is a spiral fracture?
A fracture caused by twisting forces
53
What is an oblique fracture?
A combination of twisting and direct force
54
What is a green stick fracture?
A fracture only seen in children They have more collagen and bones are softer so bone bends with a couple of splinters
55
What is a depressed fracture?
A skull fracture
56
What is a transverse fracture?
A fracture straight across the bone
57
What is a Colle’s fracture?
A fracture at the distal end of radius
58
What is a Pott’s fracture?
A fracture at one or both ends of malleoli
59
What are the 4 stages of healing of fractures?
Hepatoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodelling
60
When does hepatoma formation occur in healing of fractures?
Occurs immediately and continues for 48-72 hours
61
What happens in the fibrocartilaginous callus formation stage of healing of fractures?
Fibroblasts invade the procallus and lay down collagen Chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage
62
What happens in the hematoma formation of healing of fractures?
Clot produced in 6-8 hours, bone cells die Inflammation brings in phagocytise cells New capillaries grow into damaged area
63
What happens in the bony callus formation of fracture healing?
Osteoblasts secrete spongy bone that joins the broken ends of bone lasts 3-4 months
64
What happens in the bone remodelling stage of fracture healing?
Compact bone replaces the spongy in the bony callus Surface is remodelled back to normal shape Sometimes a palpable lump remains
65
How long does the union of a spiral fracture of the upper limb take?
3/52
66
What is the union of a fracture?
The fibrocartilaginous formation
67
What is the consolidation of a fracture?
Bones callus formation
68
How long does the consolidation of a spiral upper limb fracture take?
6/52
69
How long does the union of a transverse upper limb fracture take?
6/52
70
How long does the consolidation of a transverse upper limb fracture take?
12/52
71
How long does the union of a spiral lower limb fracture take?
6/52
72
How long does the consolidation of a spiral lower limb take?
12/52
73
How long does the union of a transverse lower limb fracture take?
12/52
74
How long does the consolidation of a transverse lower limb take?
24/52
75
Name 8 factors affecting the rate of fracture healing
Type of fracture Site of fracture Vascular supply Age of patient Movement at fracture Separation of bone ends Infection Bone pathology
76
What are the clinical features of a fracture?
Pain and tenderness Swelling and bruising Deformity and angulation Impaired function Shock
77
What test is done for a fracture?
X ray -> AP and lateral
78
Name some complications of fractures
Delayed/mail/non0union A vascular necrosis Sudeck’s atrophy Compartment syndrome Volkmann’s ischaemia Myositis Ossificans Blood vessel, nerve or visceral damage Tendon injury Fat embolus Osteoarthritis Growth impairment
79
What is a pathological fracture?
A broken bone that’s caused by a disease rather than an injury
80
What is a boxers’ fracture?
When you break a bone at the base of your finger, near the knuckle or neck of the bone, caused by hitting a hard object with a closed fist

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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