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Pathophysiology > Homeostasis And The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Homeostasis And The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The existence of a stable environment

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2
Q

Name some conditions that must be controlled by the body

A

Body temperature
Water content
Carbon dioxide
Blood sugar
Blood pressure

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3
Q

What is homeostatic regulation?

A

The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

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4
Q

Name the 5 elements of a homeostatic control system

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Input
Output
Response

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5
Q

Which type of feedback is more common negative or positive?

A

Negative feedback

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6
Q

Name some negative feedback systems

A

Temperature control
PH
Blood sugar

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7
Q

Name some positive feedback systems

A

Haemostasis
Labour and delivery

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8
Q

What is the control centre for thermoregulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Name some heating mechanisms of the body

A

Shivering
Hairs on our body stand up
Response to get up and move

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10
Q

Name some cooling mechanisms in the body

A

Sweating
Redistribute the blood

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11
Q

What are the two main systems for homeostatic regulation?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

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12
Q

What is another name for intrinsic regulation?

A

Auto regulation

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13
Q

What is auto regulation?

A

It is when cells, tissues and organs adjust automatically to environmental changes

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14
Q

What is extrinsic regulation?

A

It results in either your nervous system making changes or your endocrine system

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15
Q

What can cause homeostasis to go wrong?

A

An infection, injury or a genetic abnormality

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16
Q

Who are most vulnerable to homeostatic disruption?

A

Newborns and elderly

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17
Q

Why are newborns vulnerable to homeostatic disruption?

A

Because of the immaturity of their systems such as immune system, renal function, endocrine system, thermoregulation

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18
Q

Why are elderly more vulnerable to homeostatic disruptions?

A

They are less responsive to hormones
Have decreased efficiency of the heart and circulatory system
Have loss of neurones and neurotransmitters (nervous system is slower)

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19
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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20
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

They secret their products into ducts that empty out into a surface or cavity

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21
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

They secret hormones into intracellular spaces, then hormones diffuse into the bloodstream,

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22
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No

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23
Q

Name 3 systems that produce hormones that aren’t glands

A

Stomach
Small intestines
Kidney

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24
Q

What are the main functions of the endocrine system

A

They regulate sodium and water balance (blood volume)
They regulate calcium and phosphate balance (preserves extra cellular fluid concentration for cell survival )
They regulate energy balance and control of macronutrient utilisation and storage
Regulate responses to stress
Regulate reproduction, sexual development and growth

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25
What are the 2 types of hormones?
Non-steroidal hormones Steroidal hormones
26
Which category of hormone attaches to a surface receptor?
Non-steroidal hormone
27
What mechanism do non-steroidal hormones work by?
Second-messenger mechanism
28
What are non-steroidal hormones?
Whole proteins which are short chains of amino acids or could just be one amino acid
29
Which category of hormone can pass through the cell membrane of the target organ?
Steroidal hormones
30
What are steroidal hormones?
Small lipid soluble chemical
31
Which category of hormone normally has a slower action?
Steroidal hormones
32
Which category of hormone will produce a hormone-receptor complex?
Steroidal hormone
33
What are the two types of non-steroidal hormone?
Protein or peptide hormones Amino acid derived hormones
34
Which type of non-steroidal hormone is more common?
Protein or peptide hormones
35
How are protein/peptide hormones synthesised?
They are synthesises as pre-prohormones in which they undergo transformation at the required time
36
Where are protein/peptide hormones stored?
They are stored in secretory glands
37
Give some examples of protein/peptide hormones
Insulin Glucagon Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
38
What are amino-acid derived hormones synthesised from?
Other amino acids
39
Give some examples of amino-acid derived hormones
Adrenaline Noradrenaline Dopamine
40
What are steroidal hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
41
Where are steroidal hormones synthesised?
Adrenal cortex Gonads Placenta
42
Which type of hormone requires binding proteins in the blood?
Steroidal hormones
43
Give some examples of steroidal hormones
Testosterone Oestrogen Progesterone
44
What are the 5 major pathways to hormone effects?
Paracrine pathway Autocrine pathway Endocrine (telecines) pathway Synaptic pathway Neuroendocrine pathway
45
What is the paracrine pathway?
It is where hormones are produced in a cell, secreted, act directly on nearby receptor cells
46
What is the autocrine pathway?
It is where the hormone is secreted by the cell and then that cell has a receptor for itself -> the hormone that is releases acts on the cell that has produced it
47
What is the endocrine pathway?
It is where hormone are produced in a cell, secreted and travel through blood vessels to distant cells, attach to receptors, act on the cell
48
What is the synaptic pathway?
Hormones produced in neurone, secreted and travel along axon to the synapse where they are re released and taken up by nearby neurone with appropriate receptors to exert an effect
49
What is the neuroendocrine pathway?
Hormones produced in neurone, secreted, travel along axon to synapse, released, take up into vascular system, travel to distant cells with appropriate receptors to exert an effect
50
The hypothalamus contains neurones that synthesise inhibiting and releasing hormones to act on what?
The pituitary gland
51
Name 4 common releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
Growth hormone RH Thyrotropin RH Corticotropin RH Gonadotropin RH
52
Name 4 mechanisms that trigger the hypothalamus or pituitary gland to initiate a hormone release
Neurotransmitters Injury Release of chemical mediators after injury Neuroendocrine signals
53
What are some of the causes of altered hormone function?
Impairment of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland Impairment of the endocrine gland Too much or too little hormone produced and secreted Inactive hormone production by the gland Inadequate hormone receptor binding Lack of response by the target cell to the hormone Impaired negative feedback loop Hormone produced ectopically Impaired hormone metabolism and elimination
54
Name some disorders of the endocrine system
Acromegaly Gigantism Achondroplasia Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Cushing syndrome Diabetes mellitus/diabetes insipidus Pheochromacytoma Glucagonoma Somatostatinoma
55
Where is the thyroid located ?
Anterior part of the neck
56
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
Butterfly shape
57
What does the thyroid do?
Plays a critical role in stimulating metabolism
58
What does the thyroid facilitate the breakdown of?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats for energy, stimulating heat and glucose production
59
What does the thyroid produce?
Structural proteins, enzymes and other hormones
60
What does the thyroid promote?
Growth and development in children both mentally and physically
61
What happens if thyroid hormone is released?
Increased glucose absorption Release of lipid from adipose tissue Metabolism of proteins from muscle tissue Increased cholesterol breakdown in liver Increased oxygen consumption Increased body heat production Increased cardiac output Increased gastric motility Increased muscle tone and reactivity Increased activist action of cognitive processes
62
What is hyperthyroidism?
Excessive thyroid hormone production
63
What is hyperthyroidism caused by?
Increased stimulation of thyroid gland Diseases of thyroid gland Increased production of TSH by a pituitary tumour Some medications containing high levels of iodine Health food supplements containing seaweed
64
What is hypothyroidism?
Deficient thyroid hormone Can be congenital or acquired
65
When does congenital hypothyroidism occur?
During foetal development
66
What causes congenital hypothyroidism?
A lack of thyroid development -> lack of thyroid hormone syntheisis
67
Wha does congenital hypothyroidism look like?
In uterus, maternal T4 crosses placenta so baby appears normal at birth Results in developmental delay and impaired growth
68
What can help congenital hypothyroidism?
Thyroid replacement therapy
69
What is Grave’s disease?
Excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland, an autoimmune condition
70
Which gender is Grave’s disease more common in?
Women
71
Name some symptoms of Grave’s disease
Fine hair Bulging eyeballs Muscle wasting Sweating Tachycardia Weight loss Tremor
72
What is acquired hypothyroidism caused by?
Due to autoimmune disorder, iodine deficiency, surgical removal or radiation therapy to thyroid gland, medications that destroy the thyroid gland and genetic defects
73
Which sex is acquired hypothyroidism more common in?
Women
74
Name some symptoms of acquired hypothyroidism
Course, brittle hair Large tongue Hoarseness Constipation Muscle wasting
75
What is the treatment of acquired hypothyroidism?
Hormone replacement life long therapy
76
What is the treatment for Grave’s disease?
Radiation treatment of thyroid Some medications to prevent hormone production Can have part or all of the thyroid removed
77
What are 3 homeostatic regulation mechanisms?
Autoregulation Nervous system Endocrine
78
What bodily activities is calcium essential to?
Muscle function Nerve function Heart function Bone density
79
What effect does calcitriol have on the skeletal system?
Promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract
80
What effect does growth hormone have on the skeletal system>
Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix
81
What effect does thyroxine have on the skeletal system?
With growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix
82
What effect do sex hormones have on skeletal system?
Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix; oestrogen stimulate epiphyseal closure earlier than androgens
83
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on skeletal system?
Stimulates osteoclast and osteoblast activity; elevates calcium ion concentration in body fluids
84
What effect does calcitonin have on skeletal system?
Inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss by kidneys; reduces calcium ion concentrations in body fluids
85
What is the primary source of calcitriol?
Kidneys
86
What is the primary source of growth hormone?
Pituitary gland
87
What is the primary source of thyroxine?
Thyroid gland (follicle cells)
88
What is the primary source of sex hormones?
Ovaries Testes
89
What is the primary source of calcitonin?
Thyroid gland
90
What does low calcium plasma levels cause the parathyroid glands to secrete?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
91
What are the 3 responses from PTH release?
Bone response -> osteoclasts stimulated to release stored calcium ions from bone Intentional response -> rate of intestinal absorption of calcium increases Kidney response -> kidneys retain calcium ions
92
What is the response to high calcium ion levels in plasma?
Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland secret calcitonin
93
What are the 3 responses to release of calcitonin?
Bone response -> osteoclasts inhibited while osteoblasts continue to lock calcium ions in bone matrix Intestinal response -> rate of intestinal absorption decreases Kidney response -< kidneys allow calcium loss
94
What is diabetes?
The absence, deficit or resistance to insulin leading to hyperglycaemia
95
What is type 1 diabetes linked with?
Viral infection and autoimmune disease
96
What is type 2 diabetes linked with?
Obesity, age and ethnicity
97
What are the risk factors of type 1 diabetes?
Family history, viral infection
98
What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?
Obesity, hypertension, poor lifestyle, diet

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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