Inflamation Flashcards by Jenna Mowatt

What are the 3 lines of defence?

Skin and mucous membrane
Inflamation
Immunity

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What is inflammation?

The body’s non specific protective response to tissue damage, disease or injury in an attempt to destroy, dilute or wall of both the injuries agent and the injured tissue

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What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Redness (rubor)
Swelling (tumor)
Warmth (calor)
Pain (dolor)
Loss of function (function laesa)

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What is the purpose of inflammation?

To prevent minor infections from becoming overwhelming
To prepare any damaged tissue for repair

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What factors cause inflamation?

Injury/trauma
Infection
Infarction
Immune reactions
Nutrient deprivation

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Describe the brief outline for mechanism of inflammation

Vascular response
Cellular response
Phagocytosis
Lymphatic drainage

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What is transient vasoconstriction?

It is when for a very small period of time your vessels constrict
It reduces blood flow which prevents any bacteria from getting far/wont travel around body so quickly

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Describe the vascular response from the mechanism of inflamation

Transient vasoconstriction
More prolonged vasodilation
Opening of capillary beds
Increased vascular permeability
Bradykinin causes capillary endothelium to retract (crenellation)
Oedema formation
Haemoconcentration

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What does haemoconcentration mean?

Thickening of the blood from loss of plasma or water

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Which are the first leucocytes to emigrate to the site of an injury?

Neutrophils

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By what process do neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial gaps?

Diapedesis

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Why are neutrophils attracted to the site of an injury?

They are attracted to the site of injury in response to chemical mediators in a process know as chemitaxis

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What are the 9 cellular changes in the mechanism of inflammation?

Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Pavementing
Chemotaxis
Pseudopod formation
Ameboid action
Emigration
Chemotaxis

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What is phagocytosis?

The process of ingestion of foreign material or particulate matter

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Describe the process of lymphatic drainage in the mechanism of inflammation

During inflammation lymphatic vessels open up assisting drainage of excessive fluid, the products of inflammation and any antigens not dealt with by the inflammatory processes

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What is the reason for redness during acute inflammation?

Vasodilation; increase blood flow to injured area

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What is the reason for heat during acute inflammation?

Vasodilation; increased blood flow to injured area

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What is the reason for loss of function during acute inflammation?

Related to tissue damage from injury, pain and swelling at site

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What is the reason for pain during acute inflammation?

Increased vascular permeability and accumulation of fluid causes compression in the tissues; chemical mediators can also directly elicit a pain response

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What is the reason for oedema during acute inflammation?

Extracellular fluid accumulation often in the tissues as a result of increased vascular permeability

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Name 7 common blood tests used to detect acute inflammation

White blood cell count
White blood cell differential
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
C-reactive protein
Compliment activity
Prothrombin time
Fibrinogen

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What changes with inflammation occur to erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

The test detects RBC clumping or stacking as a result of increased fibrinogen levels
Levels increase

What changes occur with inflammation to white blood cell differential?

The proportion of immature neutrophils is increased in comparison to other white blood cell types

What changes to fibrinogen occur during inflammation?

Elevated during inflammation to promote coagulation

Compare the cause of acute inflammation to chronic inflammation

Cause of acute inflammation is usually known (trauma, surgery, antigen invasion) whereas the cause to chronic inflammation is often unknown (unresolved acute inflammation, complications of acute inflammation)

Compare the onset of acute and chronic inflamation

Acute = rapid Chronic = slow, insidious

Compare the deterioration of acute and chronic inflammation

Acute = rapid Chronic = slower deterioration

Compare the resolution of acute and chronic inflammation

Acute = full resolution Chronic = fails to resolve

Compare the course of acute and chronic inflammation

Acute = follows a definite course, self limiting Chronic = slow, unremitting, self perpetuating

Compare the main cells involved in acute and chronic inflammation

Acute = neutrophils, followed by monocytes -> macrophages Chronic = macrophages and fibroblasts

Compare phagocytosis in acute and chronic inflammation

Acute = active phagocytosis Chronic = persistent irritants resistant to phagocytosis -> ongoing chemotaxis

Compare the outcome of acute and chronic inflammation

Acute = beneficial, prevents invasion, first stage of tissue repair Chronic = destructive scar tissue formation, non-functional -> contractures -> deformities, loss of movement

Name some common types of medication for inflammation

Aspirin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, voltarol, naproxen) Corticosteroids Immunosuppressants

What are cell mediated immune responses directed against?

Intracellular pathogens such as viruses, some cancer cells and tissue transplants

What are antibody-mediated immune responses directed against?

Extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria

Are T cells in functioning form when released from bone marrow?

Which organ adds components to T cells and activates them?

Thymus

What are the two types of mature T cells?

CD8+ T cell CD4 + T cell

How are killer T cells formed?

CD8 becomes activated in the presence of CD4 to form killer T cells

Are B cells mature when they leaves the bone marrow?

Yes

After B cells are produced where are they stored until they are needed?

Lymphatic system

What activates B cells to release antibodies?

CD4

What chemicals do natural killer cells release and what do these do?

Perforin -< causes organism to destroy itself Lymphotoxin -> causes apoptosis

How do CD4 T cells manage and co-ordinate the immune response?

Increases the production of T and B cells Activate CD8 cells into killer cells Activate B cells ro mature plasma cells Act as suppressor cells, slow the immune response

What do B cells mature into in bone marrow?

Plasma cells

Name 6 antibody actions

Agglutination (cells stick together) Precipitation ( antibody and antigen combine and become insoluble) Neutralisation Lysis Opsonisation Activation of complement cascade

What is infection?

An extension of inflammatory and immune processes It is a complication of immune function

What is an infectious disease?

A state of tissue destruction resulting from invasion by micro-organisms

What is a host?

Individual exposed to, or contracts the infection

What is resident flora?

Microorganisms that live on or within the body in non-sterile areas without causing harm

What is a pathogen?

A disease producing micro-organism

Name some clinical manifestations of an infection

Pain Heat Redness Swelling Loss of function Fever Weakness Anorexia Headache Nausea

name 7 types of pathogen

Bacteria Virus Fungi Protozoa Rickettsiae Helminths Mycoplasma