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Pathophysiology > Lung Structure And Function > Flashcards

Lung Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

3 (upper, middle and lower)

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2
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are the called?

A

2 (upper and lower)

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3
Q

Why is the right lung larger than the left lung?

A

Right is larger than left because it doesn’t have to accommodate to make space for the heart

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4
Q

What do oblique fissures do?

A

Separate the upper and lower lobes of the left lung and separate the middle and lower lobes on the right lung

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5
Q

What do horizontal fissures do?

A

Separate the upper and middle lobes in the right lung

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6
Q

What are the segments of the lungs called?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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7
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lobe have?

A

10

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8
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lobe have?

A

8

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9
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleura (visceral and parietal)

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10
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the lungs

A

2.5cm above midpoint of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
6th costal cartilage 7cm from midline anteriorly
Rib 8 laterally
T2->T10 posteriorly

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11
Q

Name the 6 functions of the lungs

A

Gaseous exchange
Surfactant production
Reservoir for blood
Filter
Part of the immune system
PH balance

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12
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract made up of?

A

Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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13
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract made up of?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
Aveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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14
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Immediately below the larynx (C6)

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15
Q

What are the potential pathologies of the trachea?

A

Floppy i.e. no cartilage, obstruction

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16
Q

What are the primary bronchi separated by?

A

Carina

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17
Q

What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi?

A

Right is larger in diameter than left and descends at a steeper angle

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18
Q

What is the potential pathology of the primary bronchi?

A

Obstruction

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19
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

A

3 serving the upper, middle and lower lobes

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20
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the left lobe have?

A

3 serving the upper and lower lobes

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21
Q

Which structures of the lower respiratory tract have cartilaginous plates?

A

Secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi

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22
Q

Which structures of the lower respiratory tract have C-shaped cartilaginous rings?

A

Trachea and primary bronchi

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23
Q

What potential pathology do secondary bronchi have?

A

Lobar pneumonia

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24
Q

What does each tertiary bronchi supply air to?

A

A single bronchopulmonary segment

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25
Q

What effect does the decrease in cartilaginous support have in tertiary bronchi?

A

With less cartilaginous support, the amount of tension in those smooth muscles has a greater effect on the bronchial diameter and resistance to airflow

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26
Q

What are the potential pathologies of tertiary bronchi?

A

Infection (bronchitis)

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27
Q

What are the potential pathologies of the bronchioles?

A

COPD and fibrosing alveoli this

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28
Q

What are the terminal bronchioles made up of?

A

Smooth muscle

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29
Q

What regulates the terminal bronchi?

A

Autonomic system

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30
Q

What are the potential pathologies of terminal bronchioles ?

A

Asthma and fibrosis

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31
Q

What does each terminal bronchiole branch to server ACL of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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32
Q

What is the structure of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Thin and delicate with no cilia

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33
Q

What are the purpose of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Deliver air to gas exchange surfaces of the lung

34
Q

What are alveolar ducts affected by?

A

CF or pneumonia

35
Q

What is the name of the joint between respiratory bronchioles and alveoli?

A

Alveolar ducts

36
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

At the alveolar sacs

37
Q

What are alveolar sacs affected by?

A

CF or pneumonia

38
Q

Where is the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea to terminal bronchioles

39
Q

What is the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

It is where no gas exchange takes place
Gas is transported by convection
It is the location of anatomical dead space

40
Q

Where is the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

41
Q

How is gas transported in the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?

A

By diffusion

42
Q

What are the two types of alveoli cell?

A

Pneumocyte type I cell
Pneumocyte type II cell

43
Q

What is a pneumocyte type I cell responsible for?

A

Gas exchange
It is there to help gasses transfer across its membrane

44
Q

What is the function of a pneumocyte type II cell?

A

They are there to produce surfactant
If there is damaged to the type I cells they can make and replicate into type I to replace the damaged ones

45
Q

What is collateral ventilation?

A

A network of interconnections between respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

46
Q

What is an inter bronchiolar channel of Martin?

A

A channel from one respiratory bronchiole to another

47
Q

What is a Bronchiole-alveolar channel of Lambert?

A

A channel from a respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

48
Q

What is an inter alveolar pore of Kohn?

A

It is between two alveoli or more

49
Q

Name the major muscle of respiration

A

Diaphragm

50
Q

Describe the shape I of the diaphragm

A

Large domed shape muscle

51
Q

What does the diaphragm do on contraction?

A

Flattens

52
Q

What does the diaphragm do on relaxation?

A

Domes

53
Q

What does the movement of the diaphragm alter?

A

The pressures within the lungs

54
Q

What is the diaphragm sometimes referred to (referred to as two sides)?

A

Hemidiaphragms

55
Q

What are the 2 circulatory systems of the lung?

A

Pulmonary and bronchial

56
Q

What is the pulmonary circulatory system of the lungs involved in?

A

Gas exchange -> taking in oxygen a new getting rid of carbon dioxide via the blood

57
Q

Which circulatory system of the lungs is at a higher pressure?

A

Bronchial

58
Q

Is the Bronchial circulatory system involved in gas exchange?

A

No

59
Q

What does the bronchial circulation supply?

A

Airways

60
Q

What is compliance (in the lungs)?

A

The expandability of the lungs

61
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

Change in volume/change in pressure

62
Q

What does Boyle’s Law say (in relation to compliance)?

A

When you increase the pressure the volume decreases. When you increase the volume the pressure decreases

63
Q

Name 6 causes of reduced compliance

A

Atelectasis
Fibrosis
Pneumothorax
Obesity
Pulmonary vascular engorgement
pleural effusion

64
Q

What is resistance (in relation to the respiratory system)?

A

Resistance to flow is present where air flows through a vessel. It is composed of airway resistance and tissue resistance

65
Q

What is 80% of airway resistance produced by?

A

Medium sized bronchi

66
Q

What is 20% of air way resistance produced by?

A

Small airways with a diameter <2mm

67
Q

Name the factors determining airway resistance

A

Lung volume
State of contraction of bronchial smooth muscle
Airway obstruction
Tissue resistance
Type of airflow

68
Q

What are the three patterns of air flow?

A

Laminar flow pattern
Turbulent flow pattern
Transitional flow pattern

69
Q

What is laminar flow pattern?

A

It is when air flow is more organised and will travel in straight lines

70
Q

When is laminar flow pattern seen mainly?

A

In very small airways

71
Q

When is turbulent flow pattern seen?

A

In the trachea and larger airways, especially with higher velocit

72
Q

How does turbulent flow pattern travel?

A

In a disorganised nature

73
Q

What is transitional flow pattern?

A

A combination of laminar and turbulent

74
Q

When is transitional flow pattern seen?

A

It is seen in most medium-sized airways especially at branch points

75
Q

What is elastic resistance/ elastance?

A

A measure of the work that has to be exerted by the muscles of inspiration to expand the lungs

76
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

The ability of the lungs to rebound having stretched during inhalation

77
Q

What is work of breathing?

A

The physical work that has to be carried out by the muscles of respiration to overcome the eleastic resistance and the non-elastic resistance of the airways

78
Q

Why do alveoli stay open?

A

They stay open due to surfactant and collateral channels

79
Q

What is the normal breathing rate?

A

12-18bpm

80
Q

What is the normal breathing ratio?

A

1:2

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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