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Lung Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

3 (upper, middle and lower)

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2
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are the called?

A

2 (upper and lower)

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3
Q

Why is the right lung larger than the left lung?

A

Right is larger than left because it doesn’t have to accommodate to make space for the heart

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4
Q

What do oblique fissures do?

A

Separate the upper and lower lobes of the left lung and separate the middle and lower lobes on the right lung

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5
Q

What do horizontal fissures do?

A

Separate the upper and middle lobes in the right lung

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6
Q

What are the segments of the lungs called?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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7
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lobe have?

A

10

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8
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lobe have?

A

8

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9
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleura (visceral and parietal)

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10
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the lungs

A

2.5cm above midpoint of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
6th costal cartilage 7cm from midline anteriorly
Rib 8 laterally
T2->T10 posteriorly

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11
Q

Name the 6 functions of the lungs

A

Gaseous exchange
Surfactant production
Reservoir for blood
Filter
Part of the immune system
PH balance

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12
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract made up of?

A

Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

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13
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract made up of?

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
Aveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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14
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Immediately below the larynx (C6)

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15
Q

What are the potential pathologies of the trachea?

A

Floppy i.e. no cartilage, obstruction

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16
Q

What are the primary bronchi separated by?

A

Carina

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17
Q

What is the difference between the right and left primary bronchi?

A

Right is larger in diameter than left and descends at a steeper angle

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18
Q

What is the potential pathology of the primary bronchi?

A

Obstruction

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19
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

A

3 serving the upper, middle and lower lobes

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20
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the left lobe have?

A

3 serving the upper and lower lobes

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21
Q

Which structures of the lower respiratory tract have cartilaginous plates?

A

Secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi

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22
Q

Which structures of the lower respiratory tract have C-shaped cartilaginous rings?

A

Trachea and primary bronchi

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23
Q

What potential pathology do secondary bronchi have?

A

Lobar pneumonia

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24
Q

What does each tertiary bronchi supply air to?

A

A single bronchopulmonary segment

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25
What effect does the decrease in cartilaginous support have in tertiary bronchi?
With less cartilaginous support, the amount of tension in those smooth muscles has a greater effect on the bronchial diameter and resistance to airflow
26
What are the potential pathologies of tertiary bronchi?
Infection (bronchitis)
27
What are the potential pathologies of the bronchioles?
COPD and fibrosing alveoli this
28
What are the terminal bronchioles made up of?
Smooth muscle
29
What regulates the terminal bronchi?
Autonomic system
30
What are the potential pathologies of terminal bronchioles ?
Asthma and fibrosis
31
What does each terminal bronchiole branch to server ACL of?
Respiratory bronchioles
32
What is the structure of respiratory bronchioles?
Thin and delicate with no cilia
33
What are the purpose of respiratory bronchioles?
Deliver air to gas exchange surfaces of the lung
34
What are alveolar ducts affected by?
CF or pneumonia
35
What is the name of the joint between respiratory bronchioles and alveoli?
Alveolar ducts
36
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
At the alveolar sacs
37
What are alveolar sacs affected by?
CF or pneumonia
38
Where is the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea to terminal bronchioles
39
What is the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?
It is where no gas exchange takes place Gas is transported by convection It is the location of anatomical dead space
40
Where is the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
41
How is gas transported in the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?
By diffusion
42
What are the two types of alveoli cell?
Pneumocyte type I cell Pneumocyte type II cell
43
What is a pneumocyte type I cell responsible for?
Gas exchange It is there to help gasses transfer across its membrane
44
What is the function of a pneumocyte type II cell?
They are there to produce surfactant If there is damaged to the type I cells they can make and replicate into type I to replace the damaged ones
45
What is collateral ventilation?
A network of interconnections between respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
46
What is an inter bronchiolar channel of Martin?
A channel from one respiratory bronchiole to another
47
What is a Bronchiole-alveolar channel of Lambert?
A channel from a respiratory bronchiole to alveoli
48
What is an inter alveolar pore of Kohn?
It is between two alveoli or more
49
Name the major muscle of respiration
Diaphragm
50
Describe the shape I of the diaphragm
Large domed shape muscle
51
What does the diaphragm do on contraction?
Flattens
52
What does the diaphragm do on relaxation?
Domes
53
What does the movement of the diaphragm alter?
The pressures within the lungs
54
What is the diaphragm sometimes referred to (referred to as two sides)?
Hemidiaphragms
55
What are the 2 circulatory systems of the lung?
Pulmonary and bronchial
56
What is the pulmonary circulatory system of the lungs involved in?
Gas exchange -> taking in oxygen a new getting rid of carbon dioxide via the blood
57
Which circulatory system of the lungs is at a higher pressure?
Bronchial
58
Is the Bronchial circulatory system involved in gas exchange?
No
59
What does the bronchial circulation supply?
Airways
60
What is compliance (in the lungs)?
The expandability of the lungs
61
What is the equation for compliance?
Change in volume/change in pressure
62
What does Boyle’s Law say (in relation to compliance)?
When you increase the pressure the volume decreases. When you increase the volume the pressure decreases
63
Name 6 causes of reduced compliance
Atelectasis Fibrosis Pneumothorax Obesity Pulmonary vascular engorgement pleural effusion
64
What is resistance (in relation to the respiratory system)?
Resistance to flow is present where air flows through a vessel. It is composed of airway resistance and tissue resistance
65
What is 80% of airway resistance produced by?
Medium sized bronchi
66
What is 20% of air way resistance produced by?
Small airways with a diameter <2mm
67
Name the factors determining airway resistance
Lung volume State of contraction of bronchial smooth muscle Airway obstruction Tissue resistance Type of airflow
68
What are the three patterns of air flow?
Laminar flow pattern Turbulent flow pattern Transitional flow pattern
69
What is laminar flow pattern?
It is when air flow is more organised and will travel in straight lines
70
When is laminar flow pattern seen mainly?
In very small airways
71
When is turbulent flow pattern seen?
In the trachea and larger airways, especially with higher velocit
72
How does turbulent flow pattern travel?
In a disorganised nature
73
What is transitional flow pattern?
A combination of laminar and turbulent
74
When is transitional flow pattern seen?
It is seen in most medium-sized airways especially at branch points
75
What is elastic resistance/ elastance?
A measure of the work that has to be exerted by the muscles of inspiration to expand the lungs
76
What is elastic recoil?
The ability of the lungs to rebound having stretched during inhalation
77
What is work of breathing?
The physical work that has to be carried out by the muscles of respiration to overcome the eleastic resistance and the non-elastic resistance of the airways
78
Why do alveoli stay open?
They stay open due to surfactant and collateral channels
79
What is the normal breathing rate?
12-18bpm
80
What is the normal breathing ratio?
1:2

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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