Bones and Joints

Question 1

What are the classifications of bones by shape?

Answer 1

Flat
Short
Long
Irregular
Sesamoid 
Sutural

Question 2

Give an example of a short bone

Answer 2

Carpal

Question 3

Give an example of an irregular bone

Answer 3

Vertebra

Question 4

Where do you find sutural bones?

Answer 4

Within a cranial suture

Question 5

Short bones consist mainly of …

Answer 5

Spongy bone

Question 6

Where does a nutrient artery enter the bone?

Answer 6

Diaphysis

Question 7

What are the structural classification of joints?

Answer 7

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 8

What are the functional classifications of joints?

Answer 8

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

Question 9

What do we term an immovable joint?

Answer 9

Synarthrosis

Question 10

What do we term a freely moveable joint?

Answer 10

Diarthrosis

Question 11

Define syndesmosis

Answer 11

Slightly moveable fibrous joint which connects bones via connective tissue

Question 12

What is another name for a primary cartilaginous joint and what are its features?

Answer 12

Synchondrosis

Connective medium is hyaline cartilage
Synarthrosis

Question 13

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 13

Xiphisternal joint

Question 14

What is another name for a secondary cartilaginous joint and what are its features?

Answer 14

Symphysis

Connective medium is fibrocartilage
Amphiarthrosis

Question 15

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 15

Pubic symphysis

Question 16

What is the fibrous capsule of a synovial joint made from?

Answer 16

Collagen

Question 17

What are the features of synovial membrane?

Answer 17

Thin
Highly vascularised
Produces synovial fluid

Question 18

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 18

An elongated bursa wrapped around a tendon

Question 19

Name some features of synovial fluid

Answer 19

Clear/pale yellow
Viscous
Slightly alkaline at rest
Only a small volume in joint spaces

Question 20

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 20

Reduces friction
Shock absorption
Nutrient and waste transport

Question 21

Does articular cartilage have a blood supply?

Answer 21

No

Articular cartilage is avascular so is dependent on diffusion through the synovial fluid.

Question 22

What is Hilton’s law?

Answer 22

The nerves supplying the joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles.

Question 23

What are the types of synovial joint?

Answer 23

Planar
Hinge 
Pivot
Condyloid 
Saddle
Ball and socket

Question 24

Describe a planar joint

Answer 24

Articulating surfaces are flat or only slightly curved
Gliding/sliding movements
Non-axial

Question 25

Give an example of a planar joint

Answer 25

Sternoclavicular

Question 26

Describe a hinge joint

Answer 26

Pulley shaped: convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another Uniaxial

Question 27

Give 2 examples of hinge joints

Answer 27

Knee | Ankle

Question 28

Describe a pivot joint

Answer 28

Rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by another bone Uniaxial

Question 29

Give an example of a pivot joint

Answer 29

Atlantoaxial

Question 30

Describe a condyloid joint

Answer 30

Oval shaped condyle of one bone rests on elliptical cavity of another Biaxial

Question 31

Give an example of a condyloid bone

Answer 31

Metacarpophalangeal joint | Radio-carpal (wrist)

Question 32

Describe a saddle joint

Answer 32

One bone is saddle shaped and the other bone resembles the legs of the rider Biaxial

Question 33

Give an example of a saddle joint

Answer 33

1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

Question 34

Describe a ball and socket joint

Answer 34

Ball like surface of one bone fits into the cup like surface of another Polyaxial

Question 35

Give 2 examples of ball and socket joints

Answer 35

Hip | Shoulder

Question 36

What factors affect stability and motion of joints?

Answer 36

``` Structure/shape of articulating bones Strength and tension of joint ligaments Arrangement and tone of muscles Neighbouring soft tissues Hormones Use/disuse ```

Question 37

What are the effects of ageing on joints?

Answer 37

Decreased production of synovial fluid Thinning of articular cartilage Shortening of ligaments Degenerative changes

Question 38

What are the symptoms of arthritis?

Answer 38

Pain, swelling and stiffness

Question 39

What are the signs of arthritis?

Answer 39

Redness, swelling, deformity, tenderness, reduced range of movement and abnormal gait

Question 40

What are the x-ray features of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 40

``` Narrowing of joint space Loss of bone matrix Bony erosions Subluxation Gross deformity ```

Question 41

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Answer 41

``` Support Protection Movement Mineral and growth factor storage Haematopoeisis ```

Question 42

What is the most commonly dislocated joint?

Answer 42

Shoulder (glenohumeral)