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Anatomy 337 > Bones and Joints of extremities > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of extremities Flashcards

1
Q

os coxae

A

the bones of the pelvis, and they are formed by three separate bones that fuse during development.

  • the ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis.
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2
Q

ilium

A

is the most superior of the bones of the os coxae

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3
Q

ischium

A

the posteroinferior bone of the os coxae

contains the ischial tuberosity

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4
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

We bear weight on our ischial tuberosity every time we sit

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5
Q

pubis

A

the anteroinferior bone of the os coxae

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6
Q

femur

A

the longest bone in our body

  • It is located between the hip and the knee
  • contains the trochanter
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7
Q

femoral head

A

articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae to form the hip joint.

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8
Q

fovea

A

the attachment point for the ligament of the head of the femur or the ligamentum teres

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9
Q

greater trochanter and lesser trochanter

A

are large sites of muscle attachment on the proximal aspect of the bone.

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10
Q

medial and lateral epicondyles of femur

A

attachment sites on the lateral sides of distal aspect of the femur

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11
Q

medial and lateral condyles of the femur

A

articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint

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12
Q

patella

A

a triangular-shaped sesamoid bone that sits within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
- only articulates with the femur

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13
Q

sesamoid bone

A

a bone that is located within a tendon

- the patella is an example of this

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14
Q

medial and lateral articular facets of the patella

A

the posterior surfaces that articulate with the femur

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15
Q

tibia

A

a bone of the lower leg

  • carries most of our weight
  • articulates with the talus inferiorly
  • this is the medial bone parallel to the fibula
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16
Q

fibula

A

a bone of the lower leg

  • carries at most 12 percent of our weight
  • articulates with the talus inferiorly
  • this is the lateral bone
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17
Q

medial and lateral tibial condyles

A

Superiorly they articulate with the femur

- also known as the tibial plateau

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18
Q

lateral malleolus

A

the lateral protrusion at the ankle of the fibula

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19
Q

medial malleolus

A

the medial protrusion at the ankle of the tibia

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20
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

holds together the tibia and fibula

-this is located between the two bones

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21
Q

tarsal bones

A
  • these form posterior aspect of the foot

- seven of them

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22
Q

intertarsal joints

A

located between the tarsal bones.

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23
Q

tarsometatarsal joints

A

located between the cuneiforms or cuboid and the metatarsals

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24
Q

metatarsophalangeal joints

A

located between the metatarsals and the phalanges.

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25
Q

hallux

A

the first toe

- this has a proximal and a distal phalanx

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26
Q

linea aspera

A

this is a line on the posterior side of the femur that serves as an attachment site for many muscles
- as it moves inferiorly, it divided into two lines (the lateral supracondylar line and the medial supracondylar line

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27
Q

intercondylar fossa

A

this is the space between the femurs two condyles at the distal end

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28
Q

sacroiliac joint

A
  • the joint between the sacrum and ilium
  • this is a synovial joint
  • It is a highly-stable joint capable of only a small amount of gliding movement.
  • This is where the lower extremity meets the spinal column
  • the large surface area of the articulation site for this joint is what contributes to its stability
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29
Q

pubic symphysis

A

is located between the right and left pubic bones.

  • a thick fibrocartilaginous disc between the two pelvic bones at this location.
  • absorbs shock and provides support
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30
Q

coxal hip joint

A
  • a multiaxial ball and socket joint
  • this is a joint designed for mobility while remaining stable
  • contains the acetabulum
  • contains the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments to contribute to the stability of the joint
  • also contains the ligamentum teres
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31
Q

ligamentum teres

A
  • this is the ligament to the head of the femur

- contains the artery to the head of the femur

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32
Q

acetabulum

A

a concave socket on the lateral surface of the hip bone
- a lunate surface

  • the ischium, pubis and the illium all contribute to the formation of this
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33
Q

lunate surface

A

a curved articular surface

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34
Q

acetabular notch

A

a deep notch in the acetabulum of the hip bone.

is continuous with a circular non-articular depression

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35
Q

patellar surface

A

The front part of the lower end of femur is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella

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36
Q

angle of inclination

A

The angle between the neck of the femur and the long shaft of the femur.

the normal adult has an angle of inclination of 125

this angle alters the movement of the lower limb and thus the kinetic chain

women tend to have a slightly smaller angle due to a wider pelvis

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37
Q

medial and Lateral supracondylar lines

A

the medial and lateral ridge of the popliteal surface

38
Q

pes anserine insertion

A

this is a sit on the medial side of the tiba where tendons insert

39
Q

gerdy’s tubercle

A

a smooth facet on the lateral aspect of the upper part of the tibia, just below the knee joint

40
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

an elevation on the proximal, anterior aspect of the tibia,

41
Q

When does the os coxae fuse

A

this occurs around 13-15 years of age

42
Q

what is the difference between the bones of the lower limbs and the upper limbs

A

the bones of the lower limbs are stronger and thicker than the upper limb because these bone need to be able to bare the weight of the body

43
Q

how does the sacroiliac joint change throughout our lifetime

A

with pregnancy, the ligaments slacken and this allows for more loose attachment and more movement

with age: adhesions can occur or ossification and this can prevent the joint from moving the way it should

44
Q

what is important to remember about the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

A

these are not actually holes in the bone, the bone has the greater and lesser sciatic notches and then ligaments that are attached at these locations then make the structure a foramen

45
Q

pelvis

A

this is the sacrum + the os coxae

46
Q

greater pelvis

A

this opens up anteriorly and is between the ala of the two illiums

47
Q

lesser pelvis

A

this is the inferior portion of the pelvis

  • this is mostly surrounded by bone (the pubic bone, the sacrum etc)
48
Q

pelvic outlet

A

this is the exit from the lesser pelvis

- this is between the inferior aspect of the pubic bone and the coccyx posteriorly

49
Q

pelvic inlet

A

this is the entrance into the lesser pelvis from the greater pelvis and this runs around the pelvic brim

50
Q

what are differences between male and female pelves

A
  • women have adaptations for childbearing:
  • relatively broad and low pelvis
  • illia that project father laterally
  • less curvature on the sacrum and the coccyx
  • wider, more circular pelvic inlet
  • enlarged pelvic outlet
  • broader pubic angle

(the last four are all to allow for an easier passage of the fetus during childbirth)

51
Q

coxa valga

A

this is an angle of inclination that is greater than 125

this could be 140

52
Q

coxa vara

A

this is an angle of inclination that is less than 125

this could be 105

53
Q

kinetic chain

A

this is referring to how movement at one joint affects the movement at other joints

movements at the hip can affect the way the knee moves or the ankle or the foot with each step

movements of the foot or ankle can also affect the way the knee moves or the hip or even the spinal cord

these are all connected via the kinetic chain and it is important to remember that pain in one location may be due to an altered movement somewhere else.

54
Q

medial meniscus

A

sits on top of the medial tibia

  • functions to cushion and act as a shock absorber for the knee
  • c shaped
55
Q

lateral meniscus

A

sits on top of the lateral tibia

  • functions to cushion and act as a shock absorber for the knee
  • o shaped
56
Q

medial collateral ligament

A
  • attaches to the medial side of the inferior end of the femur and the medial side of the superior tibia
  • prevents movement of the knee joint in the response to valgus forces
  • this is tight to the medial joint line and the medial meniscus
  • is attached to the articular capsule so it has a better blood supply than the LCL
57
Q

lateral collateral ligament

A

-attaches to the lateral side of the inferior end of the femur and the lateral side of the superior tibia
prevents movement of the knee joint in the response to varus forces

  • this is further from the joint and inserts on the fibula
58
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

within the joint capsule but not in the synovial capsule

  • runs from the inner surface of the lateral femoral condyle, wraps around the PCL, and inserts onto the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia
  • prevents anterior movement of the tibia on the femur
  • has more stresses place on it than the PCL
59
Q

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

A
  • within the knee joint itself
  • runs from the inner surface of the medial femoral condyle to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia
  • prevents posterior movement of the tibia on the femur
  • this is stronger and thicker than the ACL
60
Q

what is the white zone of the meniscus

A

this is the inner portion that does not have vasculature and when there is a tear or damage here, the surgeon often has to remove the region because it does not heal well without blood supply

61
Q

what is the red zone of the meniscus

A

this is the outer portion of the meniscus that has vasculature and this portion heals better so a surgeon can stitch back together

62
Q

what is the benefit of having the menisci

A

these deepen the articular surfaces and allow for shock absorption
- they allow for a more rounded surface for the femur to articulate with

63
Q

valgus forces

A
  • knee bends inward in the coronal plane and opens the medial joint space
  • when the lateral aspect of the knee is hit
64
Q

varus forces

A
  • would result in the knee bending out laterally in the coronal plane and opening of the lateral joint space.
65
Q

infrapatellar fat pad

A

this is to provide cushioning and protection around the anterior aspect of the knee

66
Q

prepatellar bursa

A

prevents friction over the patella

67
Q

bursa

A

there are 12 bursa around the knee

  • these are fluid filled sacs that prevent friction and allow for smooth movement of one structure over the other
68
Q

genu varum

A

these are when the Knees appear abducted as if a force is being applied to the medial aspect of the knee

this puts more pressure on the LCL and puts more pressure on the medial aspect of the knee as more of the body weight is being place on that side of the knee

69
Q

genu valgum

A

these are when the knees appear more adducted as if a force is being applied to the lateral aspect of the knee

this puts more pressure on the MCL and puts more pressure on the lateral aspect of the knee as more of the body weight is being place on that side of the knee

70
Q

what causes genu valgum or varum

A
  • this is chronic poor alignment and this can affect the kinetic chain
  • this is when the femoral head is not centered over the knee joint like we want it to be normally
  • this can lead to chronic issues at the knee or along other sections of the kinetic chain
71
Q

deltoid ligament

A

this is on the medial side of the ankle
-this is made of several ligaments

  • this is a strong ligament that is not prone to injury
72
Q

anterior talofibular ligament

A

this is the ligament connecting the fibula to the talus bone on the anterolateral surface

  • commonly injured with eversion ankle sprains
  • plantarflexion puts most stress on the anterior talofibular ligament and this is the weakest position of the ankle
73
Q

anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament

A

-this connects the tibia and the fibula at the inferior end

74
Q

calcaneofibular ligament

A

-this connects the calcaneus and the fibula

75
Q

talocrural joint

A

this is the ankle joint

  • this is a hinge joint composed of two articulations (between the tibia and talus and the fibula and lateral talus
76
Q

high ankle sprain

A

an injury to the tibiofibular ligament

  • this can take longer to heel because they are under constant stress everytime we bear weight
77
Q

why is range of motion is greater with inversion rather than eversion

A
  • the lateral malleolus of the fibula travels further inferiorly than the medial malleolus of the tibia
  • this is also why you are more likely to sprain an ankle with inversion rather than eversion
78
Q

calcaneus

A
  • this is the heel bone

- weight is transferred here and then to the ground

79
Q

talus

A

this transfers weight anteriorly from the tibia to toes

  • the most important distal tibial joint is between the tibia and the talus
  • this articulation is capable of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion but not inversion and eversion
80
Q

cuboid

A

on the lateral side; this articulates with the calcaneus

81
Q

navicular

A

on the medial side; this articulates with talus and the three cuneiform bones

  • this is important for maintaining the arch of the foot
  • this has a poor blood supply and doesn’t heal very well or quickly
  • common to fracture this and the fracture must be managed appropriately and given time to heal properly
82
Q

metatarsals

A

these are the 5 long bones between the instep and the toes that form the distal portion of the foot

  • the first three articulate with the 3 cuneiform bones
  • the last two articulate with the last two cuneiform bones

all of them articulate with a different proximal phalanx at the distal end

83
Q

phalanges

A

there are 14 of these

  • the hallux has two and every other toe has three
84
Q

longitudinal arch

A
  • this is where weight transfer occurs
    ligaments and tendons tie the calcaneus to distal portion of the metatarsal
  • the lateral (calcaneal) portion of the arch carries most of the weight of the body while standing
  • medial (talar) portion is more elastic and remains elevated to have the muscles nerves and blood vessels supplying the foot not be squeezed
85
Q

arches of the foot

A

these help prevent pinching of muscles, nerves and blood vessels
- spring and lever for walking and running

there are three major arches:
- medial, lateral, transverse

86
Q

medial

A

from heel to hallux; this is the highest arch

87
Q

lateral

A

from the heel to fifth toe; lowest arch

88
Q

transverse

A

perpendicular to other arches; alone distal rows of tarsals

89
Q

what happens in variations in the arches

A
  • if the arches are higher or lower than they should be they can cause issues in the kinetic chain (changes the biomechanics of the kinetic chain)
  • this is particularly true for the medial arch
90
Q

pes planus

A

this is flat footed

- a very low medial arch

91
Q

pes cavus

A
  • this is having a small cave under the food

- this is a higher than normal medial arch

Anatomy 337 (39 decks)

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