Book 3: 1850-59 Second War Of Independence

Question 1

Define opportunist.

Answer 1

To make the most out of a situation to one’s advantage

Question 2

What is the quadrilateral?

Answer 2

4 formidable Austrian fortifications in Lombardy

Question 3

Define exile.

Answer 3

To be expelled from a country as a threat

Question 4

What are plebiscites?

Answer 4

A national vote on a particular issue

Question 5

What is the national society?

Answer 5

Pro-Italian exiles escaped to Piedmont and joined in a group to promote their ideas

Question 6

What did the national society stand for?

Answer 6

Austria our and some level of unification under Piedmont (no longer pro republic after 1860)

Question 7

Who led the national society?

Answer 7

Daniel Manin

Question 8

Who did Manin meet in 1856 which allowed the national society to grow?

Answer 8

Count Cavour

Question 9

When was the national society officially formed?

Answer 9

1857

Question 10

How many national society members where there by 1857?

Answer 10

8,000 members

Question 11

What did the national society release in 1858?

Answer 11

La Farina (manifesto)

Question 12

Ho was Niagra?

Answer 12

Premier, Cavour’s trusted advisor and confident, he negotiated its the French

Question 13

Why did Napoleon III support Italian nationalism?

Answer 13

Pro-liberalism, felt bad for sending troops into Rome in 1849, politically weaken Austria, gain home support at home, power in Europe, gain a southern European ally

Question 14

What was the orsini plot?

Answer 14

Count Felice Orsini plotted the assassination of Napoleon III in the name of Italian nationalism

Question 15

When was the Orsini Plot?

Answer 15

January 14th 1858

Question 16

When was the secret Plombieres meeting between Napoleon III and Cavour?

Answer 16

July 1858

Question 17

What was the pact of plombieres?

Answer 17

Cavour wanted French help, accepted unification of Italy into 4 blocks and gave France nice and savoy

Question 18

When did Austria declare war on Piedmont?

Answer 18

29th April 1859

Question 19

Why did Austria declare war on Piedmont?

Answer 19

Piedmont mobilised troops on the Venetian border and didn’t demobilise within the requested 3 days

Question 20

What issues did Austria have deploying its 90,000 soldiers to Piedmont?

Answer 20

Bad weather and delay led mobilisation (took 10 days)

Question 21

Hat wheee the two main battles of the second war of independence that triggered the Austrians to retreat to the quadrilateral?

Answer 21

Solferino and Magenta

Question 22

When was the battle of Magenta?

Answer 22

20th May - 4th June 1859

Question 23

What happened at the battle of Magenta?

Answer 23

French/Piedmont win, 5,000 grenadiers from French imperial guard defeated 14,000 Austrians, no Piedmontese died

Question 24

When was the battle of Solferino?

Answer 24

11th July

Question 25

What happened at the battle of Solferino?

Answer 25

21,000 Austrians died, 17,000 Piedmontese and French died, bloody battle

Question 26

What treaty in the 11th of July ended the war in 1859?

Answer 26

Treaty of Villafranca

Question 27

What treated agreed the terms of the war in November 1859?

Answer 27

Treaty of Zurich

Question 28

How did the national society take advantage of the war?

Answer 28

April 1859 - demonstration in Florence by Baron Ricasoli, May 1859 - peaceful revolutions in Modena and Parma (grand duchies), created provisional governments with links to Piedmont

Question 29

Why did Cavour resign in July 1859?

Answer 29

In disgust because Piedmont was ignored, Lombardy given to France (given back to Piedmont), no Venetia, grand duchies squashed

Question 30

How did the war end?

Answer 30

Napoleon III sued for peace without piedmonts consent because of high casualty rates, difficulty defeating the Austrians in the quadrilateral, fear of Prussia joining

Question 31

Who was the leader of Austria?

Answer 31

Emperor Franz Joseph

Question 32

When did Cavour come back to power?

Answer 32

January 1860

Question 33

What did Cavour do even though not all of the terms of Plombieres were met?

Answer 33

Gave France savoy and nice

Question 34

How did Cavour justifying giving nice and savoy to France as well as the annexation of the central duchies?

Answer 34

Plebiscites