Book 4: Obstaclws To Unification In 1860s

Question 1

Why did Napoleon III agree to withdraw troops from Rome in 1864?

Answer 1

If the capital was moved from Turin to Florence

Question 2

What occurred due to the capital change?

Answer 2

Riots, 23 deaths in Turin

Question 3

Why was Austria desperate to keep Venetia in the 1860s?

Answer 3

Lots of money

Question 4

When did Cavour die?

Answer 4

June 1st 1861 from Malaria

Question 5

Who where the first 5 PM’s from 1861-66?

Answer 5

Ricasoli, Rattazzi, Farini, Minghetti and La marmora

Question 6

Why where the first 5 PM’s weak?

Answer 6

Lacked support from King VE and weak parliamentary discipline

Question 7

What did garibaldi set up in 1862?

Answer 7

The society for the emancipation of Rome

Question 8

What is irredentism?

Answer 8

Italian for ‘unredeemed’, any movement to reclaim a homeland based on ethnic or historical traditions

Question 9

What did Mazzini describe Italy as?

Answer 9

A shame because it had a monarchy and unrepresented masses

Question 10

What new changes where made in the new Italy?

Answer 10

Unified legal codes, Italian army, Italian navy, unified political system

Question 11

What treaty in 1864 did Napoleon promise to withdraw his troops?

Answer 11

1864 September convention

Question 12

What was the popes response to the new Italy in 1864?

Answer 12

Syllabus of errors, criticising change such as religious tolerance, liberalism, progress and retained control over education

Question 13

What is meant by popes temporal power?

Answer 13

Non religious, ‘worldly’ powers such as tax collection and legal judgement

Question 14

What is fractious cohabitation?

Answer 14

The pope and VE both held power in Italy, although not happily together

Question 15

When was the casati law introduced?

Answer 15

1859

Question 16

Why was the Casati Law an issue in the south?

Answer 16

Because compulsory education couldn’t be easily introduced to the mostly illiterate south

Question 17

What is piedmontisation?

Answer 17

The introduction of unified, Piedmontese laws, customs and traditions across Italy

Question 18

Why was piedmontisation unpopular?

Answer 18

Big changes, too fast, no local autonomy, no regional consideration

Question 19

Why did education policies upset the Catholic Church?

Answer 19

The government closed monasteries and convents to pay for the new schools

Question 20

Why did the Jury System in the south not work?

Answer 20

Mafia corrupted it, again, little regional consideration before introducing new policies

Question 21

Who was the only state until 1861 that remained autonomous from Piedmont?

Answer 21

Tuscany, controlled by powerful baron Ricasoli

Question 22

Who where the Brigands?

Answer 22

Southern bandits that lived in the mountains during the Napoleonic wars

Question 23

Why was conscription unpopular in the south?

Answer 23

Took young men away from the farms, in 1861, 25,000 fled to the mountains

Question 24

Who joined the brigands?

Answer 24

ExBourbon soldiers, convicts, unemployed men, anti-conscription

Question 25

When was the Brigands civil war?

Answer 25

1861-65

Question 26

How many Piedmontese soldiers defeated the brigands and how?

Answer 26

90,0000 soldiers, used: execution without trial, burn towns, imprison relatives of suspects, neutrals treated as supporters, censorship

Question 27

How many brigands had amassed in the south by 1862?

Answer 27

82,000

Question 28

What taxes where introduced to pay for 1859 and the Brigand war debt?

Answer 28

Flour tax of 1865 and Grist tax (grinding grain) of 1868

Question 29

Why did italy struggle to industrialise and modernise?

Answer 29

Lack of natural resource of coal

Question 30

What was the problem with the rich (latifundia) buying large areas of land in the south?

Answer 30

Piedmont did not intervene as it was seen that peasants who bought land couldn’t afford to modernise, garibaldi’s land reforms where never fulfilled

Question 31

What was the Dogma of papal infability in 1869 after a meeting in the Vatican?

Answer 31

Stated popes words and actions could not be questioned

Question 32

What where issues with the flour and grist tax?

Answer 32

Led to riots, 250 killed

Question 33

When was Italy officially formed?

Answer 33

1861

Question 34

When did the pope officially recognise Italy?

Answer 34

1929

Question 35

What was the issues in Naples?

Answer 35

Legal system changed by 53 decrees in 2 days in February 1861 and dissolution of 2382 monasteries

Question 36

Why did Italian tax increase?

Answer 36

To pay of 2.5 billion Lire debt

Question 37

By 1866 how much of Italian bonds where in foreign hands?

Answer 37

1/3

Question 38

When was the Prussia-Austria war?

Answer 38

June 1866

Question 39

How did local governments help unification?

Answer 39

Prefect system promoted by 25,000 Carabinari and 18,000 police, in 1871 8,000 Commuci (education, health, law, public tax)

Question 40

Who was the new states ran by?

Answer 40

A centralised civil service of 30,000 beauracrats (3,100 in Rome)

Question 41

How and when was the Freedom association or the society for the emancipation of Rome set up?

Answer 41

In 1861 (though not officially until 1862), when various working groups met and garibaldi was President, used members to attack Rome

Question 42

When did Garibaldi fail to take Rome after Piedmontese forces intercepted him so they would not upset France?

Answer 42

1862, 4,000 men stopped by nee Italian government, Garibaldi shot in foot to stop him, arrested but later pardoned

Question 43

Why was the French withdrawal in 1867 from Rome not long lasted?

Answer 43

In November 1867 garibaldi attacked but failed

Question 44

What did Piedmont and Italy get for siding with Prussia during the Prussian-Austrian war?

Answer 44

Venetia at the treaty of Vienna in 1866

Question 46

When was the capital moved from Florence to Rome?

Answer 46

1871

Question 47

When was did the government pass the law of guarantees to appease the pope?

Answer 47

May 1871

Question 48

How did Piedmont and Italy finally get Rome after conquering Papal States in 1860?

Answer 48

Count San Martino entered Rome in September 1870, series of plebiscites in October 1870 meant it was official

Question 49

How was the popes response?

Answer 49

Angry, prisoner in the Vatican, told his soldiers to fight

Question 50

What did the law of guarantees for the pope in 1871?

Answer 50

Allowed pope to maintain monarch status, 3,225,000 lire per year, religious power, diplomatic status

Question 51

How much railways where there in 1861?

Answer 51

2,600 km (40% in Piedmont)

Question 52

What’s the high infant mortality?

Answer 52

50%

Question 53

How much money was spent in repaying debts?

Answer 53

60%

Question 54

Who boycotted voting?

Answer 54

Republicans and Catholics

Question 55

Who offered to purchase Venetia for 100 million?

Answer 55

La mamora

Question 56

What battles where fought in Austria-Prussia?

Answer 56

Custoza, Italian, loss, battle of Alissa Italian naval loss (3 ships, 1,500 shells missed), Becezza garibaldi win, Safeway Prussian win

Question 57

Austrias forces in war with Prussia?

Answer 57

150,000 men, 7 ironclad warships

Question 58

What did Italy have when fighting with Prussia?

Answer 58

250,000 men, only 25% made ir, 12 ironclad ships