Flashcards in Bovine Repro Deck (163)
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1
When do you see puberty in the bovine?
when heifer reaches 50-60% adult body weight
2
What influences when a heifer reaches puberty?
Inbreed later onset
Cross-breeds sooner onset
Bos Taurus earlier than Bos indicus
Heifers from bulls large scrotal circumference
3
What are the stages of the Bovine estrus cycle?
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Proestrus
4
How many days are there in the Metestrus cycle of the Bovine?
1-4 days
5
How many days are there in the Diestrus cycle of the Bovine?
5-18 days
6
Estrus
sexual receptivity of female
Follicular maturation
7
What are the signs of Estrus in the bovine?
Increased restlessness
Decreased rumination
Decreased Appetite
Decreased milk
Bellowing
8
Metestrus
Final follicular maturation
Ovulation
Formation of CL
9
Diestrus
Period of CL dominance through luteolysis
10
Proestrus
Progesterone levels decreasing
Estrogen levels increasing
11
At what age are heifers bred in the dairy herd?
14-15 months
12
Voluntary Waiting Period
The period we allow for the uterus to involute and read for pregnancy
13
How long is the VWP?
60 days
14
Dry off
60 days to allow the mammary glands to rest before calving to ensure peak lactation after calving
15
What are the advantages of synchronization?
Reduce the window of time when insemination is appropriate
Reduce the time spent in estrus detection
enhance estrus detection
Allow scheduling of breeding/inseminations
provide for synchrony essential to most embryo transfer programs
16
What re the general principles of estrus control and synch?
shorten the luteal phase
lengthen the luteal phase
17
Lutalyse or Estrumate
causes regression of the CL
Estrus displayed in 2-5 days
18
What is the feed through product that can be used to synchronize cattle?
MGA
19
How does the CIDR work?
extends the Diestrus phase
20
Why do you use GnRH with the CIDR?
induced a synchronous emergence of a new follicular wave
21
What should you examine when examining the fetus?
Presentation
Position
Posture
22
How do you assess that the fetus is alive?
position response to pedal, palpebral, eye ball, mouth, and anal pressure by movement reflex
23
What does meconium suggest about the calf?
stressed calf
24
What does fetid odor suggest about the calf?
dead calf
25
Mutation
process by which fetus is restored to deliverable fashion
26
Repulsion
Pushing the fetus out of maternal pelvis into the uterine cavity to enable correction of abnormality
27
Rotation
Turning the fetus on its longitudinal axis
28
Version
Turning the fetus on its transverse axis into a cranial or caudal presentation
29
Eye hooks
placed into the medial canthus to help turn the head into the right position
30
Krey Hook
used to grab the jaw bone
used for mostly grabbing parts of the calf when you perform a fetotomy
31
Fetotomy
cutting up parts of the calf
32
Cornell detorsion rod
detorse the calf and uterus
33
What lube do you use for dystocia?
OB tube
34
What happens if you put traction on both forelimbs of the calf simultaneously?
shoulder lock
35
What are the indications for a fetotomy?
Dead fetus
Uncorrectable fetal malposition
Delivery by traction not working
Fetomaternal disproportion
Certain fetal monsters/ ankylosis
Incomplete cervical dilation
36
What type of fetal monsters requires a C-section?
Anasarca calf
37
What is the most common fetotomy?
Partial fetotomy
38
What is included in a fetotomy aftercare?
Lavage uterus
Systemic antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories
IV or Oral calcium
IV fluids
Ecbolics: oxytocin or lutalyse
39
What are the indications for c-section?
Vaginal delivery unsafe for dam or fetus
Most time involves live fetus
Inadequate room to place fetotome
Oversize large fetus
If necessary to save the dam's life
40
What is heritable in Herefords and Shorthorns?
Vaginal prolapse
41
Grade 1 vaginal prolapse?
floor of vagina protrudes intermittently
42
Grade 2 vaginal prolapse?
Floor vagina protrudes permanently
43
Grade 3 vaginal prolapse?
Cervix and most vaginal floor protrude
44
Grade 4 vaginal prolapse?
2nd or 3rd degrees that has been exposed long enough to cause necrosis/fibrosis
45
What is the treatment for vaginal prolapse?
Clean with mild antiseptic
debride some necrotic tissue
sugar to reduce edema
manual reduction
46
What is the prevention for Vaginal prolapse?
Buhner technique
Halstead technique/Horizontal mattress
boot lace
jorvet prolapse kit
47
What would you use to treat a Grade 4 prolapse?
Bootlace
48
What predisposes to Uterine Prolapse?
Hypocalcemia
Uterine inertia
Straining
49
How do you treat Uterine prolapse?
Epidural
Clean and debride
Position the down animal in sternal and extend hindlimbs caudally
Reduce
Vulvar retention sutures
Antibiotics
Calcium therapy
Amputation
50
What are the sequela of Uterine prolapse?
Uterine artery rupture
Septicemia
Hypothermia
Strangulation of other abdominal viscera within prolapse
Reperfusion injury
51
First degree perineal laceration
only mucosa of vulva or vestibule
52
How do you treat
First degree perineal laceration?
Spontaneously heal
53
Second degree perineal laceration
Entire wall of vulva/vestibule and portion of perineal body but not the anus or rectum
54
Third degree perineal laceration
Entire wall of vagina, perineal body, rectum and anus with common opening for vagina/rectum
55
How long does uterine involution take?
25-50 days
56
What are the treatment for Retained Fetal membranes?
Antibiotic infusion
Collagenase
57
Metritis
Severe inflammation involving all layers of the uterus
58
Endmetritis
Inflammation of the endometrium extending no deeper than the stratum spongiosum
59
Pyometra
Collection of purulent exudate of variable amount within the endometrial cavity
60
What is the cause of Pyometra?
persistent corpus luteum
61
What are the clinical signs of Metritis?
Fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge
62
How do you treat Metritis?
Systemic Antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories
Uterine lavage
63
What is the treatment for Pyometra?
Remove the CL
64
What is a true anestrus?
insufficient hormonal stimulus
65
How do you treat true anestrus?
Nutrition
Eliminate stresses
Detect and treat pathology
66
How do you treat Ovarian Follicular cysts?
Spontaneous recovery
Manual rupture
Lutenize it/ lyse
Aspiration
Progesterone
67
Early Embryonic Death
Fetal death less than 8 weeks
68
Abortion
Occurs between 42 and 56 days
69
Stillbirth
Fetal death greater than 260 days
70
Clinical signs of Listeria
Abortion in the last trimester
Encephalitis
Sick infected cows before and after abortion
Foci of necrosis in the liver of the fetus
Pinpoint yellow necrotic foci on tips of cotyledonary villi
71
What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis?
Hemolytic Anemia
Hepatic disease
Renal Disease
Abortion
Photosensitization
72
How do you diagnose Lepto?
Fluorescent Antibody - Fetal kidney or Maternal urine
PCR
73
How do you treat Lepto?
Vaccinate + tetracycline
74
What are the clinical signs of Brucella?
Abortion
Intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, cracked
Moroccan leather
75
How do you diagnose Brucella?
Isolation of organism
Serological testing
76
What is important about Brucella?
Reportable Disease
77
How do you control Brucella?
vaccination
78
What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma?
Granular vulvovaginitis
Salpingitis
79
How do you diagnose Campylobacter?
Clark's media
80
How do you treat Campylobacter?
Cull bulls
Cow clears in 3-6 months
81
How do you control Campylobacter?
AI
use negative bulls
vaccine
82
How do you treat Tritrichomonas?
Use only negative bulls
Test and cull bulls
Use AI
Sexual Rest
Quarantine
Vaccines
83
What is the transmission of Neospora?
Ingestion of dog feces
Transmitted vertically
84
What are the clinical signs of Neospora?
Abortion 3rd trimester - not ill
Fetus autolysed
85
How do you diagnose Neospora?
IHC on fetal tissue and placenta
Serological testing
86
How do you prevent and control Neospora?
Dispose carcasses/placentas quickly
Prevent fecal contamination
Select negative heifers
87
What is the most common cause of viral abortion?
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
88
What are the different types of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?
Venereal
Systemic
89
What are the clinical signs of Systemic IBR?
Abortion storm between 4-8 months
+/- Respiratory signs
90
What are the clinical signs of Venereal IBR?
Pustules
Nodules
Ulcers
erosions on vulva and penis
91
How do you diagnose IBR?
Autolysed fetus
foci necrosis in liver and organs of the fetus
Intranuclear inclusion body
92
How do you treat Venereal IBR?
Spontaneously resolve in 1-2 weeks
93
How do you treat/ prevent systemic IBR?
Biosecurity
Vaccination
AI
94
What are the congenital defects seen with BVDV?
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Arthrogryposis
Hypotrichosis
95
How do you diagnose BVDV?
Virus isolation
IHC
PCR
96
What is the gold standard for diagnosing BVDV?
Virus Isolation
97
How do you control BVDV?
Biosecurity
Vaccines
98
What is the transmission of Bluetongue?
Cullicoides
99
Clinical signs of Bluetongue
Abortion
Teratogensis
100
How do you control Bluetongue?
Vaccine
101
Lesions associated with Aspergillus
necrosis of cotyledons and thickening of intercotyledonary space
102
How do you diagnose Aspergillus?
Histopath
103
What Reproductive toxicants cause Abortions?
Locoweed
Nitrates
Ponderosa Pine
Broomweed
104
What Reproductive toxicants cause Infertility?
Locoweed
Fescue
Insecticides
105
What does Poison Hemlock cause?
Crooked Calf Syndrome
106
At what point i gestation does Poison Hemlock cause Crooked Calf Syndrome?
50-75 days gestation
107
What is the toxic principle of Lupines?
Anagyrine
Ammodendrine
108
What deformities does the ingestion of lupines cause?
Severe limb and spinal deformities
Cleft palate
109
At what point i gestation does Lupines cause deformities?
40-70 days
110
What do Lupines do to small ruminants when ingested?
Nothing!
111
What deformities does the ingestion of Tobacco cause?
Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs and curvature of the spine
112
At what point i gestation does Tobacco cause deformities?
50-75 days
113
What is the toxic principle of Locoweed?
Swainsonine
114
What do Locoweeds cause?
Neurologic signs
Abortion
Fetal abnormalities - arthrogryposis/hydrops
115
What is the toxic principle of Ponderosa pine?
Isocupressic acid
116
What does ingestion of ponderosa pine cause?
Vasoconstriction at caruncles
Hemorrhagic placentitis
117
What are the clinical signs of Broomweed or snakeweed?
Abortion
Retained fetal membranes
118
What causes "Summer Slump" in cattle?
Fescue
119
What is the "Summer Slump" in cattle?
Decreased repro/ infertility
Decrease milk
120
What are the nitrate accumulating plants?
Johnson grass
Sudan grass
Wheat
corn
oats
121
What are the clinical signs of Nitrate toxicity?
Fetal hypoxia and death
Late gestation abortions
122
How do you diagnose Nitrate toxicity?
test ocular fluid of aborted fetus
123
Hydroallantois
Abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid during 5-20 day period of last trimester
124
Hydamnios
Gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid
125
How do you treat Dropsical conditions like Hydroallantois or Hydamnios?
Induce abortion
Slow drainage of fluid over 24 hours
126
How do you induce abortion?
Prostaglandins before 150 days gestation
Corticosteroids to decrease placental source of progesterone after 150 days of gestation
127
What are the indications for induced parturition?
Severe udder edema
Vaginal prolapse
Abnormal pregnancy (hydrops)
128
What can cause parturition in 20-3 days?
Dexamethasone
129
What is the best combination to induce pregnancy within 40 hours?
Dexamethasone
PGF 2 alpha
130
What is the minimum progressive motility for Bullls?
30%
131
What is the minimum morphology for Bulls?
70%
132
What are the four parts of the Bull Breeding Soundness Exam?
Physical Exam
Minimum scrotal circumference based on age
Minimum progressive motility is 30%
Minimum of 70% morphology
133
What are the methods for Semen collection?
Electro-ejaculation
Manual Massage
AV collection
134
How do young bulls get Penile Papilloma?
Homosexual riding among young bulls and it enters via wound
135
What are the clinical signs of Penile Papilloma?
Scant hemorrhage after coitus
hesitancy to extend penis or breed
usually single, pedunculated growth
136
What is the treatment of Penile Papilloma?
Surgical excision
137
What are the complications from Penile papilloma surgical excision?
Recurrence
urethral injury
138
What is the cause of Penile hair rings?
Body hair accumulation on penis due to homosexual riding among young bulls
139
What is the treatment for Penile Hair Rings?
Removal
140
What are the complications of Penile Hair Rings?
Necrosis of urethra leading to a fistula
amputation of glans penis
141
Persistent Frenulum
incomplete separation of penis and prepuce
142
How do you treat Persistent Frenulum?
Surgical excision
143
What are the predisposing factors for Preputial trauma and laceration?
Excessive pendulous sheath
Excessive preputial length
large preputial orifice
144
What is the cause of Preputial laceration?
Excess prepuce forced caudally during intromission
forms collar of tissue
trapped between bull's abdomen and cow's bony penis
Laceration on ventral surface during ejaculatory lunge
lacerates longitudinal to long axis of prepuce
heals transversely as bull retracts penis
145
What is common more in Bos indicus than Bos Taurus?
Preputial prolapse
146
How do you diagnose Preputial laceration?
Ultrasound
147
What is the preputial laceration conservative therapy?
Clean damaged tissues
Emollient ointment -"Petercillin"
Bandaging and slings
148
What is the Pre-surgical therapy for Preputial laceration?
Reduce edema through hydrotherapy, pressure bandage, and slings
"Petercillin"
Prophylactic antibiotics
149
What is the surgical management for Preputial Laceration?
Resection and anastomosis
Amputation of affected prepuce
Preputial reconstruction
150
What is the rule for Resection and Anastomosis of Penis?
Remaining prepuce should be minimum of 1 1/2 times the length of free portion of penis
151
What is the cause of Penile Hematoma?
Bull misses the vagina on breeding thrust
penis hits rear of cow or cow slips or goes down under weight of bull
Penis bends rapidly
ruptures at dorsal aspect of distal bend of sigmoid flexure
152
What are the clinical signs of Penile Hematoma?
Swelling in sheath immediately cranial base of scrotum
usually symmetrical swelling
153
What is the medical treatment for Penile Hematoma?
sexual rest for 60 days
systemic antibiotics
Hydrotherapy
154
What is the surgical therapy for Penile Hematoma?
Surgery between 3-7 days
Heavy sedation
Repair defect in tunica albuginea
Post-operative antibiotics
sexual rest for 60 days
155
Preputial avulsion
prepuce torn from connection to free portion of penis
156
What is the cause of S-shaped deviation of the penis?
Apical ligament is too short
157
What is the cause of Rainbow/Ventral deviation of the penis?
Apical ligament is too long
158
What is the cause of Corkscrew or spiral deviation of the penis?
Apical ligament cannot be maintained in a normal position
159
What is the surgery for Penile deviations?
Surgery
160
What are some causes of Vesiculitis?
B. abortus
A. pyogenes
H. somnus
161
What is the treatment for Vesiculitis?
Tetracyclines
162
What are some causes of Epididymitis?
A. pyogenes
B. abortus
163
