Swine Repro Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
What is the goal of cross breeding for swine repro?
A
Heterosis or Hybrid vigor
using breeds or lines to take max advantage of their genetic type
2
Q
How many pigs should be weaned per year?
A
19-20
3
Q
What is the goal number of Piglets born per year?
A
10-12
4
Q
What problems with external genitalia should you look for in selecting replacements in pigs?
A
Infantalism
Dorsally tipped vulva
Male pseudohermaphroditism
Mammary gland abnormalities
5
Q
Infantalism
A
Small repro tract
6
Q
Describe Male Pseudohermaphroditism
A
“Fishhook” or “sky tipped” vulva
7
Q
What problems with internal genitalia should you look for in selecting replacements in pigs?
A
Hydrosaplinx or Pyosalpinx
Segmental Aplasia
Blind or missing cervix
Oviductal adhesions
8
Q
What is the problem with Hydrosalpinx/Pyosalpinx in pigs?
A
Adhesions formed that cause obstruction of the oviducts
9
Q
Describe the Mammary system in replacement sows
A
Six functional teats on each side
three cranial to umbilicus
At least 10 functional teats
10
Q
What are some problems with the mammary glands of replacement sows?
A
Pin nipples Blind teats inverted nipples Abscesses injures
11
Q
What are the factors affecting puberty in pigs?
A
5-8 months of age
200-250lbs
Breed
12
Q
What hastens the onset of puberty in pigs?
A
Movement/mixing of females
Long days (16-18h)
Boar effect
13
Q
What delays the onset of puberty in pigs?
A
Confinement housing
Season
14
Q
Boar effect
A
most common method used to manipulate puberty
Continuous exposure to a smelly boar beginning at 160-170 days of age
15
Q
What is the most common method used to manipulate puberty in pigs?
A
Boar effect
16
Q
Describe the estrous cycle in pigs
A
Polyestrous
Non-seasonal
21 day cycle
17
Q
How long is estrus in Gilts?
A
36-48 hours
18
Q
How long is estrus in sows?
A
48-72 hours
19
Q
When does ovulation occur in pigs?
A
2/3 of the way through estrus
24 hours after LH peak
20
Q
When is the ovulation rate the largest in the pig?
A
over the first 3 parities
21
Q
Parities
A
a farrowing (giving birth)
22
Q
Signs of Estrus in pigs
A
Vulva swelling and redness Vaginal discharge Restlessness and vocalization Actively seeking boar "Pricking" or ears Lordosis response "back pressure test"
23
Q
When should you check estrus in pigs?
A
twice a day
24
Q
How do you detect estrus in pigs?
A
Change boars to prevent familiarization
Avoid prolonged exposure to boars
Avoid ventilation
Use a “stink stick” or “Boar mate”
25
What is the strategy for weaning in pigs?
All in/All out
26
When does estrus occur post weaning?
4-7 days
27
How do you induce/ synchronize estrus in non-cycling gilts?
PG600 (PMSG + HCG)
| Greater than 165 days of age
28
What effects does PMSG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin) have?
FSH like effects
29
What effects does HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) have?
LH like effects
30
What synthetic progestogens can be fed to pigs to induce estrus?
Altrenogest
31
At what point in the cycle are Pigs CL responsive to Lutalyse?
after 12-13 days
32
When is it best to use Lutalyse in pigs?
between 15-60 days gestation
33
When will estrus occur after lutalyse is given?
4-7 days
34
When does Maternal recognition of pregnancy occur?
day 11-12
35
How does maternal recognition occur?
Estrogenic compounds
| Redirecting of prostaglandin intra-luminal to be broken down to maintain pregnancy
36
How can you collect a boar?
Artificial vagina
Electro-ejaculator
Gloved hand method
37
What are the advantages of Artificial Insemination?
Allows more extensive use of older boars on lighter weight females
Decreases the number of boars and time required for breeding when estrus is synchronized
Promotes development of a close herd
Allows introduction of new genetic material into a herd with minimum risk of disease
38
What are the disadvantages of Artificial Insemination?
Higher level of management in order for it to be effective
Rise of disease is of greater importance
Increased margin of error
39
What is the gestation length in pigs?
3 months
3 weeks
3 days
40
What is the placentation of pigs?
Epitheliochorial diffuse
41
What is the minimum number of embryos needed for pregnancy maintenance in pigs?
4 embryos
42
When is skeletal mineralization seen on ultrasound?
day 35
43
When is fetus immunocompetant in pigs?
day 70-75
44
How long should you wait between piglets before its in trouble?
15 minutes
45
What do you use to induce parturition in pigs?
Prostaglandins
46
How long after administration of Prostaglandins is parturition induced?
18-36 hours
47
What is the medical therapy for Dystocia in pigs?
Oxytocin every 30 minutes
Manual extraction of piglets
Calcium
48
C-section in pigs
Vertical incision of left flank
| Horizontal incision parallel to underline
49
What are complications of Parturition?
```
Prolapsed vagina
Prolapsed Uterus
Prolapsed bladder
Vulvar hematoma
Vulvar tears
Vaginal discharge/metritis
```
50
How do you treat uterine prolapse that is necrotic or torn?
Amputation
51
Clinical signs of Vaginal discharge/metritis
Necrotic, malodorous discharge
Anorectic
febrile
52
How do you reduce piglet mortality?
```
Supervised farrowing
Cross-foster within 24-48 hour post partum
Vaccinate females pre-farrowing
Feed females according to BCS
Cull gilts that savage their piglets
```
53
What happens if the entire pregnancy is mummified when greater than 114 days?
pregnancy will progress to pseudopregnancy
54
Stillborn
Full-term piglets born dead but grossly normal
55
What is the most common on-infectious cause of infertility in pigs?
Hydrosalpinx
56
What is the second most common cause of infertility in pigs?
Cystic ovarian disease
57
Cystic ovarian disease
Multiple cysts cause irregular cycles or anestrus
58
What is the treatment for Cystic ovarian disease in pigs?
Do not respond to hormonal therapy
59
What causes Cystic ovarian disease in pigs?
Estrus induction agents
60
What are some Anatomical or congenital abnormalities that cause infertility in pigs?
Segmental aplasia
Uterus unicornium
missing cervix
61
What are the environmental causes of infertility in pigs?
High ambient temperature
62
What causes direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma causing infertility in pigs?
Brucella
Chlamydia
Rubulavirus
63
What causes indirect disruption of spermatogenesis via fever causing infertility in pigs?
Systemic illness
64
What causes shedding in the semen and causes disease in female pigs causing infertility?
```
Classic swine fever
Leptospira
Pseudorabies virus
Parvovirus
PRRS virus
```
65
What bacteria causes infertility in sows?
Leptospira
Brucella
Erysipelas
66
What virus causes infertility in sows?
PRRS virus
Parvovirus
Pseudorabies virus
Classic swine fever
67
What are the two ways bacteria are pathogenic in pig reproduction?
Introduced into repro tract
| Resulting septicemia can cause loss of pregnancy and subsequent reproductive problems
68
What is the most common infectious cause of swine infertility?
Leptospirosis
69
Clinical signs of Leptospirosis in pigs
Mummified and macerated fetuses
70
How long does Lepto immunity last after infection?
1 year
71
How do you prevent/treat Leptospirosis in pigs?
vaccinate every 6 months
| Antibiotics: tetracyclines
72
Clinical signs of Brucella suis
```
Orchitis
Abortions
stillbirths
infertility
pig mortality
```
73
How is Brucella transmitted?
By the Boar
| Coitus or ingestion of infected materials
74
How long can the boar carry Brucella?
Greater than 4 years
75
Characteristics of Brucella suis
Sows are infected between days 30-40 will abort between days 65-80
Sows shed large numbers of bacteria
76
What are the lesions for Brucella suis?
Granulomatous lesions in uterus, ovaries, testes, ASG, liver, kidneys
77
Where is Erysipelothrix carried in pigs without clinical signs?
Tonsils
78
Clinical signs of Erysipelothrix in pigs
Arthritis
Fever and skin lesions
Abortion secondary to fever and septicemia
79
How is PRRS transmitted?
Semen
80
Clinical signs of PRRS
```
Premature farrowing
Stillbirths/mummies
weak neonates
increased abortion
Post weaning respiratory disease
decreased average daily gain
increased mortality
```
81
How do you diagnose PRRS?
Virus isolation
| Herd serology
82
Prevention/Treatment of PRRS
Symptomatic therapy
Isolation and acclimation
vaccination with MLV or killed product
83
SMEDI
stillbirths
Mummies
Embryonic death
infertility
84
What causes SMEDI?
Porcine Parvovirus
85
How is Porcine Parvovirus transmitted?
Oral
| Venereal
86
What does Porcine Parvovirus cause?
Viremia
| Fetal vasculitis and death
87
How do you diagnose Porcine Parvovirus?
Lesions of the aborted fetuses
| Serology
88
How do you prevent and treat Porcine Parvovirus?
Proper acclimitization of replacement gilts
| Vaccination
89
What causes Pseudorabies in pigs?
Herpes virus
90
Clinical signs of Pseudorabies in pigs
```
encephalitis
repro failure
reduced litter size
CNS signs in young (less than 7 days)
Resp. Signs in weaned pigs and older
Fever
Anorexia
weight loss
Resorption
Abortion
Increased mummies
Stillbirths
```
91
How is Pseudorabies transmitted?
Semen
Fecal oral
Aerosol
Contact
92
How do you diagnose Pseudorabies?
Histological lesions - pulmonary edema, meningioencephalitis
Virus isolation
serology
93
How do you prevent/treat Pseudorabies?
Eradication
Test and cull
Vaccination
94
Clinical signs of Hog Cholera
```
Anorexia
Cyanosis
fever
diarrhea
vomiting
abortions
```
95
How is Hog Cholera transmitted?
Semen
96
How does Zearalenone cause infertility?
implantation failure
97
What is Zearalenone?
Mycotoxin
98
Zearalenone clinical signs in pigs
```
exhibit signs of estrus
Mammary development
vaginal discharge
Enlarged vulva with delayed maturity
Vaginal/ rectal prolapses
reduced testicular development and feminization in prepubertal males
```
99
Fumonison
Indirect cause of abortion due to severe reduction in cardiac output in sows
Decreased O2 delivery through the placenta
100
What does Aflatoxin cause?
Poor piglet growth
101
Trichotecene toxin
toxic to embryos and fetuses
102
Clinical signs of Carbon Monoxide in pigs?
Cherry red tissues from carboxyhemoglobin
| Late-term abortions
103
What does Iodine deficiency cause in sows?
Increased stillbirths
104
What does Ca deficiency cause in sows?
Farrowing difficulty
105
What does Iron deficiency cause in sows?
Piglet anemia
| stillbirths
106
What does Selenium deficiency cause in sows?
MMA
| Primary uterine inertia
107
WEI
Weaning to Estrus Interval
