brain the basics defintions

Question 1

neuron

Answer 1

specialised cell that recieves, carries and processes info in form of electrical and chemical signals
- 90 bn in NS

Question 2

glial cells

Answer 2

• provide support to the neurons, provide structure, nutrients n increase speed of info transmission

Question 3

dendritic tree

Answer 3

recieves info from extrerior world or other neurons

Question 4

cell body (soma)

Answer 4

contains cellular machionary to maintain neuron health
intergrates info from dendrites

Question 5

axon

Answer 5

sends info to other neurons/organs
divide into axon terminals

Question 6

axon terminals

Answer 6

ends of axon that forms connections (synpases) w other neurons

Question 7

sensory neuron

Answer 7

brings sensory info to the CNS

Question 8

interneuron

Answer 8

intergrates sensory and motor info in the CNS

Question 9

motor neuron

Answer 9

sends info to the cns to the muscles n produce movement

Question 10

synapse

Answer 10

meeting of an axon terminal of one neuron communicates w dendrites of another

Question 11

GC: astrocyte

Answer 11

• provide energy to neurons
• supports **blood brain barrier **
• helps regulate synpatic strength
• intermediary between neurons n vascular system (capillaries)

Question 12

GC: microglia

Answer 12

• glial cell that removes (phagocyte) dead cells
• supports synaptic development

Question 13

GC: oligondendrocyte

Answer 13

• insulate axons, speeds up electrical transmission

Question 14

Gc: schwann cell

Answer 14

• in peripheral NS provides myelin insulation to axons

Question 15

NS structure

white matter

Answer 15

nervous tissue made of axons n myelin

Question 16

NS structure

nerves

Answer 16

bundle of axons

Question 17

ns structure

nuclei n ganglions

Answer 17

groups of neurons (mainly cell bodies)
-n=CNS
-g=PNS

Question 18

structure of ns

grey matter

Answer 18

• nervous tissue made mostly of axons n myelin

Question 19

ns structure

cortex

Answer 19

• grey matter organised in layers

Question 20

brain stem

medulla

Answer 20

• superior to spinal cord
• controls vital reflexes eg heart rate, respiration n digestion
• motor nerves from brain cross to contralateral side of body
• entry of carnial nerves 9- 12: neck, tounge, parasympatehtic autonomic system (vagus nerve)
• lession= DEATH

Question 21

medulla

reticular activating system

Answer 21

• controls arousal n sleep wake cycle

Question 22

brain stem

pons

Answer 22

• mainly white matter
• connect brain to cerebellum
• entry of cranial nerves 5-8: eye movements, hearing/baalnce, facial sensations

Question 23

cranial nerves

Answer 23

sensory:
1. olfactory: smell
2. optic: vision
3. oculomotor: eye movement, pupil constriction, eyelid elevation
motor:
4. trochlear: eye movement (superior oblique muscle)
5. trigeminal: facial sensation, chewing + sensory
6. abducens: eye moevement (lateral rectus muscle)
7. facial: facial experession, taste (anterior 2/3 of tounge), tear n saliva production BOTH S+M
8.

Question 24

brain stem

cerebellum

Answer 24

• ‘small brain’
• coord movement, balance n precision of mental n motor tasks
• connect brain stemm at pons
• lession= less precise movements, disruption of balance n equilibirum

Question 25

midbrain

Answer 25

- helps orient head n eyes to visual visual n auditory stimuli - cranial nerves 3-4- eye movements - conatains inferior n superior colliculus

Question 26

The diencephalon: thalamus

Answer 26

acts as a relay for sensory info to the cerebal cortex motor cortex to muscles

Question 27

The diencephalon: hypothalamus

Answer 27

- maintaisn body equilibirum (homeostatis) eg hunger/thirst/temp -connected to hormonal system (pituitary gland) eg sex/circadian rhytm/ForF - lession= obesity

Question 28

# Subcortical nuclei: Basal ganglia

Answer 28

subcortical structures involved in motor control, damage= tremors/involunatry movement

Question 29

# Subcortical nuclei: amygdala

Answer 29

- part of limbic system w hypothalamus - role in processing emotions

Question 30

# Cerebral cortex gyrus

Answer 30

outward fold/bump

Question 31

# Cerebral cortex sulcus

Answer 31

inward fold/groove

Question 32

# Cerebral cortex fissure

Answer 32

- large/deep sulcus that seperates brain regions

Question 33

Cerebral cortex

Answer 33

- folded sheet of gray matter 1.5 to 4.5mm thick - 6 cortical layers - 2 cerebal hemispheres - 4 main lobes n insula

Question 34

Cerebral cortex: anatomical subdivisions

Answer 34

- each gyrus n suclus has name shape n location varies across ppl

Question 35

# Cerebral cortex: cyto-architectonic subdivisions Cytoarchitectonic/laminar organisation:

Answer 35

relative thickness of diff neuronal layers

Question 36

# Cerebral cortex: cyto-architectonic subdivisions brodmann areas

Answer 36

- regions of the cerebal cortex defined by their cellular structure - different cortical areas have different laminar organisations - thought to correspond to diff functions

Question 37

Cerebral cortex: functional subdivisions

Answer 37

- lessions in diff regions= diff deficits neuroimaging studies: diff tasks activate diff cortical regions

Question 38

# Protection of the central nervous system meninges

Answer 38

- between bone n brain/spinal cord

Question 39

# Protection of the central nervous system cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 39

- fluid surronding the brain n spinal cord that cushions n protects the nervous system - Fills meninges, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord - brain floats in. CSF