Breaking Barriers Flashcards
(21 cards)
stereotypes vs prejudice vs discrimination
stereotypes - whole group have traits of one person
prejudice - negative feeling of others because of association with group
discrimination negative behaviours against group
Social Categorisation
grouping based on characteristics
- allows people to save time and energy by using group membership to infer information about an individual
- leads us to overestimate similarities
- can effect perception of even basic features
e.g. participants shown silhouette with race unidentifiable
- had label of what race they were next to them
- give estimate of weight and height
- when told they were black, the estimates were significantly larger
Ingroup favouritism
people feel membership and belonging to their ingroups
Outgroup homogeneity effect
consequence of ingroup favouritism
- more similarity between outgroups than of their own ingroups
- difference between “us”, “they” are all the same
- likely due to less contact or familiarity with outgroup members
Dehumanising outgroups
consequence of ingroup favouritism
- process information about outgroups closer to how people process objects or other species of animals
impacts
- less empathy towards outgroup
- increase violence/aggression
- decrease likelihood of helping behaviours
- increases blame and victimisation
Social Dominance Orientation
- motivational process
degree to which people perceive their ingroup as dominant over others
- positively associated with support for cultural values that lead to oppression of others
System Justification Theory
- motivational process
motivation to maintain ‘status quo’
- even if it includes accepting things that negatively impact their own group
Ingroup Favouritism
- motivational process
cross-cultural
- can operate at low levels when groups are considered minimal or unimportant
Tajfel et al. (1971)
high school boys in England shown series of slides with dots on them
- asked to estimate the number of them after shown quick bursts
- boys were randomly assigned to either over or under estimates after
- completed new task, participant, could allocate points to others that they could cash in for money
- consistently allocated more points to people with the same group condition as them
- groups were recently formed, yet we still see this favouritism
Tajfel and Turner - social identity thoery
individuals consistently trying to enhance self-esteem comprised of
- personal identity - self-esteem boosts from personal achievements
- collective identities - self-esteem boosts from belonging to successful groups
Predictions of the social identity theory
- threats to self-esteem will increase ingroup favouritism
- expressions of ingroup favouritism will enhance self-esteem
- cyclical
Cultural Influences
learning about:
- common stereotypes
- how valued certain groups are
- which prejudices may be socially acceptable
Gender stereotypes study among parents
showed mother video of children playing “dangerously” and were told to influence (pause video) when it becomes too dangerous
- mothers of daughters intervened more frequently and earlier
- mothers of daughters: “be careful”
- mothers of sons: encouraged to keep playing
Social role theory
small gender differences magnified and perceived as greater due to contrasting social roles often occupied by men and women
Process of social role theory
- a division of labour between men and women occurs
- people behave in ways that align with their social roles
- behaviour differences overestimates the biological basis or behavioural basis of these differences, and neglect social influences
Stereotype threat
concern for stereotypes on their group
- can negatively impact performance
E.G black students performed worse that white student when they believed a test was assessing their intellectual ability, if they didn’t think this was no difference
stereotype threat occurs across situation
- elderly people on memory tasks
- overweight after exposure to weight stereotypes
- female drivers in driving simulators
stereotype prevention strategies
- describing task as irrelevant to performance
- informing individuals that their group performs equally well
- presenting role model from own group who performs well
- highlighting other aspects of identity that promote better performance
stereotype prevention more generally
- anything increasing feelings of trust and safety
- reducing perception that there are low expectations on group
- increasing sense of belonging
cognitive prevention strategies for stereotypes
- learning about group variability
- encourage reflective thinking, multiple perspectives
- education, media exposure to diversity
