Clashes and Compromise

Question 1

Social Trap

Answer 1

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursing it’s self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

Question 2

Prisoners Dilemma

Answer 2

• if prisoner A confesses and prisoner B doesn’t, prisoner A gets immunity and prisoner B gets maximum sentence
• if both confess, each receive a moderate sentence
• if neither confess, each receive a lesser sentence

often both realise that they could mutually profit, but mistrust and an inability to communicate means they are ‘locked in’ to not cooperating, therefore in conflict and having fallen for this social trap

Question 3

Students Dilemma

Answer 3

• select whether you want 2 points or 6 points added to final assessment grade
• if ore than 10% of the class select 6 points then no one gets any points
• therefore if everyone selects 2 points then they have 100% assurance that someone will get something

Question 4

Tragedy of the Commons

Answer 4

commons: shared resources

tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of doing so dispersed among all, causing an ultimate collapse

Question 5

Fundamental Attribution Error:

Answer 5

people tend to explain their own behaviour situationally, and the behaviour of others dispositionally

• mistakes are determined to change based on what happens around them VS if it is who they are as a person

Question 6

The Evolving Motive to Succeed

Answer 6

at first people are eager to win, then to minimise losses, then to save face and avoid defeat

Question 7

Non-zero sum games “mixed motives” situations

Answer 7

• games in which both outcomes don’t need to sum to zero

with cooperation: both parties can win

with competition: both parties can lose

Question 8

Resolving Social Dilemmas

Answer 8

• regulation
• less is more
• communication
• changing the payoffs
• appeals to altruistic norms

Question 9

when does conflict arise ?

Answer 9

when groups are competing for scarce resources

Question 10

Sheriff Robbers Cave Experiment

Answer 10

two groups of boys were taken to a type of summer camp and assigned arbitrary role of sheriff or robber

• groups didnt know the other was there
• strong in group cohesion and pride in their group identities

were made aware of each other, and would engage in a win-lose competition

• negative outgroup image
• group polarisation
• engaged in name calling, flag burning, cabin ransacking, fist fights

competition evoked conflict

Question 11

Misperception and Conflict

Answer 11

conflict is perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

• people in conflict form distorted images of others

Question 12

Intractable Conflict

Answer 12

it is when an individuals own goals are viewed as supremely important, a pride in us, lack of value in them

• victimisation
• patriotism, solidarity
• celebrate self-sacrifice and suppress criticism, loyalty

Question 13

Mirror Image Perceptions

Answer 13

reciprocal views of each other more groups in conflict

• itself as the victim, other as aggressor
• biases conducive to conflict - exaggerate, mispercieve, reluctant to concede

Question 14

Simplistic Thinking

Answer 14

rational thinking more difficult when tension arises

• tend to rely on stereotypes

rhetoric regarding major conflict

• attackers display more simplistic justifications
• “us good, they bad”

Question 15

Shifting Perceptions

Answer 15

conflict emerging due to misperceptions, so when perceptions shift so should conflict

Question 16

Achieving Peace - Contact Hypothesis

Answer 16

contact under optimal conditions can reduce prejudice and increase trust

1. equal status
2. common goals
3. intergroup cooperation
4. support of authorities, laws, customs

Question 17

Four Processes of Change

Answer 17

1. Learning about the outgroup
   - disconfirms stereotypes, mixed results of effectiveness
2. changed behaviour
   - optimal contact as behaviour modification
3. affective ties
   - decreased fear and anxiety, increased positive emotions
4. ingroup reappraisal

Question 18

Negative contact hypothesis

Answer 18

contact between groups is more negative than positive, because it makes outgroup members more salient

• this is less common in real world

Question 19

Multiple Identities

Answer 19

in both ingroup and outgroup

• subgroup ( parent, child)
• transcending (superordinate) (family)

being aware of social identities enables social cohesion

Question 20

Salient Common Ingroup Identity

Answer 20

easily noticeable group identity

• typically the way to go to make people feel more belonged
• but not at expense of ignoring/repressing subgroup identities
• identifying some aspects of both mainstream and minority culture is strongest