Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction > Breast Diseases > Flashcards

Breast Diseases Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

is breast cancer the most common cancer in women

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the most common type of invasive and in situ carcinoma

A

80% ductal type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the prognosis of breast cancer

A 
5 year: 
86% for all stages 
97% localised 
78% regional involvement 
23% metastatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the risk factors for breast cancer

A 
being female 
increasing age 
genetic mutations 
atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia 
lobular carcinoma in situ
atypical epithlial hyperplasia 
first child after 30 
alcohol 
early menarche 
FMHx
previous breast cancer 
nulliparity 
postmenopausal obesity 
alcohol 
hormone replacement 
radiation exposure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what lifestyle changes reduce rsk of breast cancer

A

routine vigorous physical activity

maintenance of health body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the common breast cancer presentation symptoms

A

50% asymptomatic - screening
50% symptomatic- half of these have a lump

dimple of depressed skin 
visible lump 
nipple change or external inversion 
bloody discharge 
texture change 
colour change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the triple assessment for breast disease (for symptomatic patients)

A

Hx
exam +/- mammogram (standard, do 4 views) +/- USS (can see if solid or cystic)
biopsy (histology to see if invasive, ductal or lobular, degree of differentiation, receptor status)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the staging for breast cancer

A 
T0 no tumour 
T1 <2cm 
T2 2-5cm 
T3 >5cm 
T4 extension to skin or chest wall/ both

N1 mobile nodes
N2 fixed nodes
N3 ipsiplateral internal mammary nodes involves

M0 no distant mets
M1 mets demonstrable
Mx mets suspected but not confirmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is disseminated breast cancer curable

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are the majority of breast Cxs early or late stage

A

early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the treatment overview for early breast cancer

A

local- surgery, radio

systemic- chemo, hormonal, targeted therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is oncoplastic surgery

A

uses plastic surgery techniques for wider excisions to conserve more of the breast, leaves symmetrical breasts
oncoplastic prodedures shape the breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

is radio therapy local or systemic treatment

A

local

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a modified radical mastectomy

A

total mastectomy
removes entire breast inc overlying skin and axillary lymph nodes
preserves pec major which facilitates wound healing and allows reconstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the options available for breast reconstruction

A

most women who get mastectomy are eligible
can be prosthetic or autologous tissue
both these can be done immediately or delayed
skin sparing mastectomy provides better aesthetic outcome after reconstruction
choice of the reconstruction method depends upon:
-patient’s body habitus
-co-morbidity
-smoking history
-size and shape of her breasts
-her preference
-surgeon’s experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the indications or post mastectomy radiotherapy

A

involvement of >3 nodes
positive surgical margins
and/ or tumours larger than 5 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when can partial breast radiotherapy be given

A

intra op or post op (breast conserving therapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the adjuvant systemic therapies for breast cancer

A

chemo (adjuvant, neoadjuvant)
hormonal therapy
targeted therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what drug is most commonly used for hormonal therapy for breast cx

A

tamoxifen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why do lose your hair while getting chemo

A

kills everything in end phase- hair follicles, lining of gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the forms of hormonal therapy for breast cancer

A

non invasive- -SERM= selective estrogenic receptor modulators,

  • aromatase inhibitors (stop production of oestrogen)
  • GnRH (blocks hypothalamic pathway for ovarian stimulation)

invasive:
-oophrectomy (rarely done now for breast Cx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what receptor is implicated int he pathogenesis of breast cancer as is acted upon by the targeted therapies

A

HER-2

human epidermal receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is herceptin

A

human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 monoclonal antibody
= trastuzumad
targets HER2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are bevacizumab and lapatinib

A

other biological therapies for breast cx
bevaciumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor, first line for metastatic breast cancer
lapatinib- dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor 2 tyrosine kinases. used in advanced disease when other biological treatments have already been used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where does breast cancer spread to
bone liver brain lung
26
what can be done for late or advanced breast cancer
palliative chemo or radio therapy to relieve symptoms
27
are 80% of symptomatic breast cases benign or malignant
benign
28
what are the causes of benign breast disease
hormonal changes infective/ inflammatory changes aberrations in the normal development and involution of the breast (ANDI)
29
what conditions can be caused by ANDI
cysts fibroadenoma papilloma
30
what is a fibroadenoma
most common benign neoplasm of the breast
31
what is the presentation of a fibroadenoma
``` palpable mass 1-3 cm early reproductive years (15-25) on exam: -rubbery to firm -mobile -smooth -distinct borders -usually non tender ```
32
how do you diagnose a fibroadenoma
USS core biopsy
33
what is the management of fibroadenoma
dont need to be removed, most reabsorb and usually become nonpalpable after the menopause some women prefer to have them removed- lumpectomy/ percutaneous vacuum assisted core biopsy under LA
34
what tumour can a fibroadenoma mimic- how do you tell them apart
``` phyllodes (these are uncommon) phyllodes are: larger 3-6cm occur in older women (35-45) increase in size ```
35
what is the management for a phyllodes tumour
as can be benign, intermediate or malignant need histology tumour should be excised with wide 1cm clear surgical margins follow up mets rare
36
what is the presentation of a breast cyst
common in late reproductive years palpable, clearly defined, soft, smooth, mobile with distinct borders often tender, especially before menstruation may be mulitpl and/ or bilateral
37
what is the management of a breast cyst
USS can leave or FNA aspiration (for diagnosis and Tx) if fluid grossly bloody then cytology needed palpate after aspiration to ensure no residual mass
38
what are breast cysts
milk duct that rapidly fill with fluid then cant drain
39
what condition can occur within breast cysts
papillomas, esp associated with a bloddy filled cyst
40
what is a papilloma
benign intracystic papillary proliferation
41
what is a intracystic carcinoma (malignant papilloma suspected)
when fluid in cyst is grossly bloody/ residual mass after aspiration
42
what histological diagnosis for any intracystic solid lesion
ultrasound guided core biopsy
43
what is mastalgia
breast pain dull, heavy, achy begins up to 2 weeks before a period, gets worse immediately premenstrual then improves usually as it ends cyclic mastalgia is usually bilateral can be noncyclic: tends to be localised, persistent, less resposive to Tx than cyclical
44
is mastalgia associated with malignancy
no
45
what are the non breast causes of anterior chest wall pain
``` Achalasia Angina Cervical radiculitis Cholecystitis Cholelithiasis Coronary artery disease Costochondritis (Tietze syndrome) Fibromyositis Hiatal hernia Myalgia Neuralgia Osteomalacia Phantom pain Pleurisy Psychological pain Pulmonary embolus Pulmonary infarct Rib fracture Sickle cell disease Trauma Tuberculosis ```
46
what causes cyclic mastalgia
intense variant of physiological changes that occur to breast during menstrual cycle
47
what Ix for cyclical mastalgia
``` complete evaluation and mammogram well fitting bra, regular exercise primrose oil topical NSAID dialy pain chart ```
48
when is nipple discharge pathological
(most women of repro age can elicit clear, watery yellow discharge) if it is bloody and particularly from a single duct
49
what is the most common cause of nipple discharge
intraductal papilloma/ papillomas (benign lesions) | excise all so dont miss intraductal carcinoma
50
when is nipple discharge associated with malignancy
when there is a palpable mass | however all intraductal lesions should be excised and histologically evaluated
51
what Ix for pathological nipple discharge
mammography USS surgical excision of discharging ducts
52
what is pagets disease of the nipple
variant of ductal carcinoma
53
how does pagets disease of the nipple present
erythematous weeping lesion on surface of nipple and areola dry, scaly patient may perceive this as nipple discharge
54
how do you diagnose pagets disease of the nipple
biopsy (incisional or punch) | often underlying palpable mass/ radiological abnormality
55
what management for mastitis
Abx for staph aureus e,g, flucloxacillin examined every three days to see response and ensure no abscess formation lack of response -> change abx
56
what are the symptoms of mastitis
``` fever erythema induration tenderness swelling ```
57
can you breast feed when you have mastitis
yes continue if already begun or breast can be pumped until infection clears
58
how does a breast abscess present
bulging mass in the central area of mastitis | fluid filled centre on USS
59
management for a breast abscess
aspiration under LA for diagnosis (pus filled) and Tx aspirate sent for microbial analysis may need repeated aspiration/ surgical drainage antibiotics continued until cellulitis has cleared
60
what organisms cause nonpuerperal mastitis
S aureus peptostreptococcus magnis bacteriodes fragilis
61
is nonpuerperal mastitis common
no esp in postmenopausal women
62
management for nonpuerperal mastitis
re-examined every 3 days until the infection clears. Augmentin 625 mg orally every 8 hours for 7 days as initial therapy is usually effective. Alternately, cephalexin 500 mg orally every 6 hours for 7 days can be prescribed.
63
what is chronic mastitis associated with
(uncommon) | subareolar abscess
64
what is a complication of chronic mastitis
periareolar fistulae
65
when should you suspect malignancy in mastitis
if inresponsive to Abx and spread over entire breast | inflammatory carcinoma
66
what makes mastitis more likely to develop into an abscess
poor immune system- diabetes, smoking
67
what is an adenolipoma
aka hamartoma- benign breast lesion, Circumscribed lesion composed of cell types normal to the breast but present in an abnormal proportion or distribution
68
what is a galactocele
a palpable milk-filled cyst most commonly associated with pregnancy or lactation. FNA can diagnose and drain a galactocele
69
what is mondors disease
phlebitis (vein inflammation) and subsequent clot formation in the superficial (skin) veins of the breast usually resolves spontaneously in 8–12 weeks
70
how does mondors disease present
firm, vertical, cord-like structure usually associated with a history of trauma to the breast

Reproduction (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions