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Reproduction > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two roles of the ovaries

A 
produce gametes (oogenesis) 
produce steroids (osterogens and (mainly) progesterone)
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2
Q

what is the medulla of the ovary like

A

forms the core
contains loose connective tissue
contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics
is continuous with the hilum of the organ

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3
Q

what is the cortex of the ovary like

A

contains scattered ovarian follicles
highly cellular connective tissue stroma
the outer shell of cortex has dense connective tissue layer = tunica albuginea which is covered by single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium

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4
Q

does the corpus luteum leave the ovary

A

no, stay and becomes corpus albicans when it degenerates

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5
Q

what are the arteries in the ovaries

A

helicine arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament

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6
Q

what happens to germ cells at week 6

A

go from the yolk sac to the ovaries

begin to proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia

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7
Q

what do oogonia form

A

via development and meiosis form mature oocytes/ ova

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8
Q

what is oogenesis

A

the development of oocytes from oogonia

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9
Q

what is folliculogenesis

A

the growth of the follicle

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10
Q

what makes up a follicle

A

oocyte and associated support cells

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11
Q

what is atresia

A

loss of oogonia and oocytes - an apoptosis based process (cell is resorbed following cell death)

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12
Q

describe meiosis in follicles

A

before birth meiosis begins in the oocytes but halts at prophase 1
can stay like this for several decades and then restart development
in a 20 y/o 15 follicles restart development per day

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13
Q

how many divisions in meiosis

A

2- reductive and equatorial

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14
Q

what are the stages of follicular development

A 
starts as primordial follicle 
- primary 
- late primary 
(these three forms are the pre-antral follicles) 
- secondary 
- mature graafian
these last 2 forms are antral follicles
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15
Q

what are pregranulosa cells

A

follicle cells

are squamous then become cuboidal if follicle enters the growth phase

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16
Q

what forms the zona granuloa

A

follicle cells

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17
Q

what forms the theca folliculi

A

stromal cells associating with the outside of the follicle

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18
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

a layer of special extracellular matrix between the oocyte and granulosa cells

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19
Q

what type of cell are granulosa cells

A

cuboidal

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20
Q

what is the theca interna

A

formed from inner layer of stromal cells adjacent to follicle
goes on the secrete oestrogen precursors

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21
Q

what cells convert the precursors from the theca interna into oestrogen

A

granulosa cells

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22
Q

what is the theca externa

A

outer layer formed by stroma cells

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23
Q

what is the order of conents from the theca externa in

A 
TE
theca interna 
basal lamina
 GC
zona pellucida 
oocyte
24
Q

what is an antrum and what does it do

A

as the follicle enlarges a space, called the antrum which is filled with follicular fluid forms in the granulosa cell layer
this forms a secondary follicle
as the follicle enlarges so too does the antrum

25
Q

what happens to the granulosa and thecal layers as the follicle enlarges

A

continue to proliferate

26
Q

what are the largest antral follicles called

A

graafian follicles

27
Q

what is the cumulus oophorus

A

areas of granulosa cells that attaches the oocytes to the basal lamina when antrum gets v large

28
Q

what happens to the oocyte one day before ovulation

A

complete meiosis 1
but instead of producing two equal cells, it will produce one cell called a secondary oocyte, similar in size to the original primary oocyte, and one tiny polar body that carries the second nucleus away to degenerate.
The secondary oocyte will then begin the second phase of meiosis but stops as metaphase II

29
Q

when will the secondary oocytes complete meiosis

A

after ovulation and fertilisation

30
Q

when is a second polar body formed by the oocyte

A

when it is fertilised

31
Q

what layer does the follicle have to go through to be ovulated

A

tunica albuginea

32
Q

what does the follicle become after ovulation

A

(still in ovary without egg) corpus luteum with the theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogens and progesterone, which helps prepare the uterus for implantation

33
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum without implantation

A

becomes a white coloured connective tissue called the corpus albicans

34
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum when implantation occurs

A

, the placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum for a time and so maintains progesterone levels, which in turn maintains the pregnancy

35
Q

what moves the ovum down the fallopian tubes

A

peristalsis and currents created by ciliated epithelium

both these are cyclic

36
Q

what do the secretory epithelium in the uterine (fallopian) tubes do

A

secrete nutrients

37
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

in the ampulla (end of fallopian tube closest to the fimbrae)

38
Q

what makes up the lining of the ampulla of the uterine tube

A

high folded mucosa like by simple columnar epithelium within ciliated and secretory cells
this is surrounded by smooth muscle

39
Q

how does the uterine tube changes as it goes from the ampulla to the isthmus

A 
epithium becomes mostly secretory 
gains another (now 3) layer of smooth muscle
40
Q

what is the endometrium

A

an inner secretory mucosa in the uterus - is shed during menstruation
made of secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue stroma

41
Q

what is the myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle, collagen and elastic tissue in the uterine wall

42
Q

what is the perimetrium

A

the outer visceral layer of the uterus, made of connective tissue covered by mesothium

43
Q

what are the two parts of the endometrium

A 
stratum functionalis (what is shed via vasoconstriction which cuts of blood supply) 
stratum basilis (reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis)
44
Q

what hormone causes the stratum basilis of the endometrium to proliferate

A

oestrogen

45
Q

when is the proliferative phase of the endometrium

A

day 5 to day 14 (one day after ovulation)

46
Q

what happens to the glands in the endometrium during the secretory pphase

A

become coiled and secrete glycogen

47
Q

what is the cervix made of

A

fibrous connective tissue covered by stratifies squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface and mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium further up
(transition site common area to get dysplasia and neoplasms)

48
Q

what can form when endocervical glands get blocked

A

nabothian cyst

49
Q

what do the endocervical glands secrete

A

thin watery mucous when in proliferative stage (fertile)

thick vicous mucous following ovulation

50
Q

why are cell in vagina stratified squamous

A

as low vaginal pH

51
Q

what are the layers from in out of the vagina

A

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria (connective tissue, elastic fibres, thin wall blood vessels)
fibromusclar layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle)
adventitia

52
Q

what lubricas the vagina

A

no gland in wall of vagina

lubricated by mucous from cervical glands and fluid from blood vessels in lamina propria

53
Q

what inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina

A

commensal bacteria (metabolised glycogen to lactic acid) lower pH

54
Q

what is the mons pubis

A

skin will oblique hair follicles that covers the pubic symphysis and subcutaneous fat pad

55
Q

describe the features of the labia majora

A

extension of mons pubis
similar in structure- lots of apocrine sweat glands, sebaceous glands, bundles of smooth muscle, hair follicles on outer surface

56
Q

describe the features of the labia minora

A

think skin folds
lack subcutanous fat an hair follicles
rich in vasculatory and sebaceous glands
keratinised epithelium extends into the opening of the vagina to the level of the hymen where it transitions to non keratinised stratified squamous

57
Q

what makes up the clitoris

A

two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa) covered by fibrocollagenous sheath and skin with rich innervation and thin epidermis

Reproduction (51 decks)

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