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Reproduction > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is gastrulation

A

formation of the trilaminar disc- invagination of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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2
Q

what are the 3 groups of mesoderm

A

paraaxial (axis of body), intermediate and lateral plates

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3
Q

what part of mesoderm forms the urogenital system

A

intermediate mesoderm

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4
Q

when does gastrulation happen

A

week 3

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5
Q

what common cavity do the urogenital system enter via the mesonephric duct

A

the cloaca (hindgut endoderm)

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6
Q

what makes up the renal system in embryos

A

pronephrons - not functional
mesonephrons - produce urine, arent end stage kidney
metanephrons - form the kidneys, start low in pelvis then rise up

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7
Q

what does the cloaca form

A

rectum, bladder and genitalia

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8
Q

how is the indifferent gonad formed

A

primordial germ cells within yolk sac migrate via dorsal mesentary (via allatoic stalk) into intermediate mesoderm

stimulates body epithelium to proliferate and thicken to form the genital ridges. will also form somatic support cells which envelop the PGCs

this forms primitive sex cords

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9
Q

what are somatic support cells

A

e.g. sertoli and follicular cells

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10
Q

what do primdorial germs cells form

A

gametes

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11
Q

what are the two primitive genital ducts

A

mesonephric (wollfian)

paramesonephric (mullerian)

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12
Q

where do the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts connect to

A

the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus

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13
Q

when does sexual differentiation start to occur

A

week 7 onwards

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14
Q

what triggers male development in an embyro

A

the presence of SRY (sex determining region of Y) transcription

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15
Q

what do somatic support cells form in male development

A

develop into serotil cells which start to produce primary sex cords

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16
Q

what do the primary sex cords from in males

A

testes and medullary cords - these engulf the PGCs

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17
Q

what are the rete testes

A

connect the mesonephric tubules to the testis cords

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18
Q

what is the tunica albguinae

A

thickened layer of connective tissue between the coelomic epithelium and the testis cord

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19
Q

what is order of structures in the developing embryo testis

A

mesonephric duct- mesonephric tubules- retes testis- testis cords- tunica albuginea- epithelium

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20
Q

in the developing testis there is an outer cortex and inner medulla, which of these degenerates

A

the cortex

21
Q

what is the function of sertoli cells in male development

A

secrete AMH (anti mullerian hormone) which causes the degeneration of the paramesonephric duct

stimulate gonadal ridge cells to form leydig cells (testosterone secreting).

  • testosterone induces the formation of the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles.
  • dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induces male specific external genitalia development and prostate
22
Q

what causes persistent mullerian duct syndrome and what does it result in

A

mutation of AMH or AMH receptor gene- mullerian (paramesonephric ducts fail to regress)

present with uterus, vagina and uterine tubes, testes in ovarian location, male external genitalia

23
Q

what fascilitates the descend of the testes

A

pulled caudally by the gubernaculum (on anterior body wall) through the inguinal canal

24
Q

where do the testes start before the descend

A

10th thoracic level

25
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

failure of one/ both testes to descend

26
Q

what does the vaginal pouch of the parietal peritoneum allow

A

the testis to protract and move

27
Q

when and where do the male accessory glands start to form

A

sprout near the junction of the mesonephric duct and urethra during week 10

28
Q

what do the prostate and bulbourethral glands form from

A

endodermal invaginations from the urethra

29
Q

what do the seminal vesicles form from

A

outpouches form the mesonephric duct (intermediate mesoderm)

30
Q

what stimulates femal development of an embryo

A

the absence of the SRY transcription factor

31
Q

what do germ cells form in females

A

oogonia and then into primary oocytes

32
Q

what do somatic support cells form in females

A

granulosa cells which surround the primary oocytes

33
Q

what forms the primordial follicles in the ovary

A

the primary oocytes surrounded by the granulosa cells

34
Q

what stimulates the formation of granulosa cells from somatic support cells in female embryos

A

germ cells

35
Q

does the medulla or cortex of the indifferent gonad degenerate in females

A

the medulla degenerates- means you dont get ret testis/ connection to mesonephric duct

36
Q

why does the paramesonephric duct remain in females

A

as dont get AMH from serotli cells

37
Q

what is important about the anatomy of the paramesonepheric duct

A

is onto at top into peritoneal cavity

38
Q

what does the female gonad form

A

primaoridal follicles and thecal cells (leydig homonlog, increases oestrogen and progesterone)

39
Q

what does oestrogen stimulate in an embryo

A

formation of female external genitalia and development of paramesonephric ducts

40
Q

what do the paramesonephric ducts form

A

uterine tubes and fimbria
uterus
superior vagina

41
Q

what can remain in females of the mesonephric duct

A

epophoron and parophronon- not functional but can form cysts and adenomas

42
Q

what are the three parts of the paramesonephric duct

A

cranial (opens to coelomic cavity)
horizontal (crosses mesonephrc duct)
caudal (fuses with paramesonephric duct on the opposite side to make uterovaginal cavity)

43
Q

what is the uterovaginal canal

A

the fused caudal portion of the paramesonephric ducts create this= the uterus and superior vagina

44
Q

what is the vaginal lumen created

A

vacuolisation of the paramesonephric portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs (this also produces the fornices)

45
Q

what cell origin make up vagina and cervix

A

bottom 2/3rds of vagina endoderm

upper 1/3rd and cervix mesoderm

46
Q

what are female external genitalia distinguishable

A

after week 7

47
Q

what cell origin forms the glans and prepuce (foreskin)

A

ectoderm

48
Q

what is hypospadias

A

where external urethral opening lies in an abnormal position along the ventral aspect of the penis
urine exits this cavity

49
Q

what does the genital tubercle form in both men and women

A

men- glans penis
women- clitoris
(these have same innervation and vascular supply)

Reproduction (51 decks)

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