Building Construction (IFSTA) Flashcards
1
Q
Building codes regulate the type of construction based on the ___
A
Intended use, structure size, and the presence or lack of an automatic fire suppression system
2
Q
Intended use is also called ___
A
Occupancy classification
3
Q
The construction materials and their resistance to fire exposure determine the ___
A
Type of building construction
4
Q
Two major model building codes in the US
A
- NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code
- International Code Council’s (ICC) International Building Code (IBC)
5
Q
How many types of construction?
A
5
6
Q
The types are further divided into subcategories, depending on the ___
A
Code and construction type
7
Q
The construction material and their performance when exposed to fire define each ___
A
Construction type
8
Q
Type I construction
A
Fire-resistive construction
9
Q
Provides the highest level of protection from fire spread as well as structural collapse
A
Type I construction
10
Q
All structural members are composed on noncombustible or limited-combustible materials with a high fire-resistive rating so that the structural members do not add to the fuel load
A
Type I construction
11
Q
___ construction meet the criteria for Type I construction
A
Reinforced concrete, precast concrete, and protected steel frame
12
Q
Type I construction provides ___ should a fire occur
A
Structural stability
13
Q
Conditions that may be found by firefighters during a fire in Type I construction
A
- Compartments may retain heat
- Roofs may be difficult to penetrate
- Windows may be nonoperating
14
Q
Type II construction
A
Noncombustible construction
15
Q
Composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or spread
A
Type II construction
16
Q
The most common form of this construction type includes metal framing members, metal cladding, or concrete-block wall construction and unprotected, open web joists supporting metal roof decks
A
Type II construction
17
Q
Type II construction is more prone to collapse than Type I because they are ___
A
Constructed of lighter-weight materials with lower fire-resistance ratings
18
Q
Type III construction
A
Ordinary construction
19
Q
Commonly found in mercantile, business, and residential structures, and older schools
A
Type III construction
20
Q
This construction type requires that exterior walls and structural members be constructed of noncombustible or limited combustible materials. Interior walls, columns, beams, floors, and roofs are completely or partially constructed of wood
A
Type III construction
21
Q
Conditions in Type III buildings that can influence fire behavior
A
- Void spaces inside the wooden channels that roof and truss systems create between wall studs are less protected and fire will spread through these spaces unless fire stops are installed
- Prefab wood truss systems similar to Type V may be found in Type III, and may fail quickly when exposed to fire
22
Q
Renovation considerations
A
- Older Type III structures may have changes that created large hidden voids above ceilings and below floors
- Structural components may have been removed, reducing the load-carrying capacity of the supporting structural members
- Changes in building use or occupancy may result in additional loads the building was not designed to carry
23
Q
Type IV construction
A
Heavy timber construction
24
Q
Characterized by the use of large-dimensioned lumber or laminated wood
A
Type IV construction
25
In Type IV construction, it is the timber's own ___ that reduces heat penetration to the inside of the beam
Char
26
Type IV structures are extremely stable and resistant to collapse due to the ___
Sheer mass of their structural members
27
In Type IV construction, the dimensions of all structural elements, including columns, beams, joists, and girders, must ___
Adhere to minimum dimension sizing
28
Exterior walls are constructed of noncombustible materials. Interior building elements such as floors, walls, and roofs are constructed of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces
Type IV construction
29
Small-dimension lumber glued together to form a laminated structural element
Glue-laminated or glulam elements
30
Glulam elements are commonly found in ___
Churches, auditoriums, and other large facilities with vaulted or curved ceilings
31
Glulam beams may fail when exposed to fire because the ___
Heat may affect the glue holding the laminates together
32
Type IV building conditions that can affect behavior during a fire
1. High concentration of wood can contribute to the intensity of a fire once it starts
2. Collapse of masonry walls can be caused by loss of structural integrity of timbers
33
Type V construction
Wood frame construction
34
The exterior load-bearing walls are composed entirely of wood. A veneer of stucco, brick, or stone may be constructed over the wood framing
Type V construction
35
Consists of framing materials that include wood 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 inch studs. The outside of the framing members is covered with any number of materials as exterior siding
Type V construction
36
Modern siding such as vinyl siding adds another ___ to the structural fire load
Petroleum-based fuel
37
Vinyl siding will ___
Produce dense, dark, oily, toxic smoke and will melt away from the side of the building
38
Some Type V structures will include 6" exterior wall cavities for ___
Increased insulation
39
Type V construction includes the use of a prefabricated wood truss system in place of ___
Solid floor joists
40
Difference between prefabricated wood truss system and solid floor joists
Creates a large, open void between the floors of a structure, rather than the closed channel system found in solid floor joists
41
Central piece of thin plywood or wood composite, glued to two 2x4 pieces
Wood I-beams
42
Structures that are built in a factory and shipped to the location on which they are to be installed
Factory-built homes
43
Homes that have an axle assembly under the frame
Mobile homes
44
Most common type of factory-built home
Manufactured home
45
Usually have wheels and a permanent steel undercarriage and are towed behind a transport vehicle for delivery
Manufactured homes
46
Manufactured homes conform to ___
US Dept of Housing and Urban Development standards, similar to Type V
47
Factory-built homes constructed before ___ have less fire resistance than current construction
1976
48
The use of lightweight building materials in factory-built homes makes ___ much easier
Forced entry
49
The modular section is transported to the site and then attached to a permanent foundation, which may include a full basement
Modular homes
50
Modular or section homes must comply with ___
The same local building codes as site-built homes
51
Assembled onsite from pre-constructed panels made of foam insulation sandwiched between sheets of plywood
Panelized homes
52
The panels in panelized homes normal dimensions
8' x 40'
53
Consist of individual parts that are custom cut and must be assembled onsite
Pre-cut homes
54
Styles of pre-cut homes
1. Pole houses
2. Post-and-beam construction
3. Log homes
4. A-frames
5. Geodesic homes
55
Modular core units such as bathrooms or mechanical rooms are constructed in the factory, moved to the site and assembled. Pre-constructed panels are then added to the modules to complete the structure
Hybrid modular structure
56
The ceilings in corridors that are designated as exit or egress passageways will have the same ___
Fire-resistance rating as the walls in that corridor
57
Ratings are indicated in ___
Hours
58
The material used to cover the floors in high occupancy structures is also rated to ___
Limit flammability in the corridor
59
Wall assemblies consist of a ___
1. Bottom plate
2. Top plate
3. Vertical studs
4. Horizontal braces
5. Two surfaces made of gypsum or lath and plaster
60
Include the wall structure, doors, windows, and any other protected openings meeting the required protection rating criteria
Fire wall assemblies
61
Most difficult to penetrate when attempting to force entry into an area or to escape an area
Exterior walls and fire walls
62
Fire in basements can ___
Damage floor joists and load-bearing walls that support the upper floor and structure
63
Stairs can provide a flow path for the movement of ___
Air, fire gases, and smoke throughout the structure
64
Stair hazard
Present a fall danger during low-visibility conditions
65
Fires in basements may be more hazardous than in other compartments because of ___
Limited means on ingress/egress and limited ventilation
66
Types of basement
1. Partially underground
2. Fully underground
3. Walk-out or daylight
67
The absence of dry wall effect on a basement fire
Reduces the fire resistance of the studs and joists, making the structural members part of the fuel load, potentially causing the floor above to collapse
68
Stairs that are part of the means of egress that provide protection for the occupants as they travel to safety
Protected or enclosed stairs
69
Stairs that are not required to be part of the means of egress system and typically connect no more than two levels
Access or convenience stairs
70
Protected stairs are enclosed with ___
Fire-rated construction, usually with either a 1 or 2 hour rating depending on the building height
71
Three prevalent roof types
1. Flat
2. Pitched
3. Arched
72
Common roof styles
1. Arched
2. Mansard
3. Sawtooth
4. Shed
5. Lantern
6. Gambrel
7. Hip
8. Butterfly
9. Pitched
10. Flat
73
Flat roofs are commonly found on ___
Commercial, industrial, and multifamily residential structures, as well as on some single-family residences
74
Common features that penetrate flat roofs
Chimneys, vent pipes, shafts, scuttles, and skylights
75
___ may surround flat roofs
Parapet walls
76
Obstructions that may be located on roofs include ___
Water tanks, HVAC equipment, antennas, solar panels, signs
77
Types of arched roofs
1. Ribbed
2. Pleated barrel
3. Diagonal grid (Lamella)
4. Bowstring
78
Roof decking that consists of boards or planks set with a small space between them
Skip sheathing
79
OSB
Oriented strand board
80
The design of an arched roof depends primarily on the ___
Exterior walls to support the weight of the roof
81
Three main components of a roof
1. Roof supporting structure
2. Roof deck or sheathing
3. Roof covering
82
Two general types of roof supports used in residential and commercial construction
Beams and truss assemblies
83
The sections of lumber located directly under the roof decking
Beams
84
On pitched roofs, the beams extend from ___
The ridge line or pole at the peak to each side wall
85
On flat roofs, the beams extend from ___
Wall to wall
86
Manufactured from plywood and are often used in conjunction with wood joists to support flat roofs and floors
Box beams and I-beams
87
Box beams and I-beams are also called ___
Wide flange beams
88
Roof truss assembly types
1. Conventional framing constructed onsite
2. Pre-manufactured in a factory and shipped to the site
89
Trusses constructed onsite consist of ___
Top and bottom chords and webbing that extend from the peak to the walls. A horizontal joist with supports between the joist and the rafters connects the ends
90
Wood trusses are assembled using ___
Metal gusset plates (gang nails) that only penetrate about 3/8" into the wood
91
Much like engineered box beams or I-beams, trusses created from engineered materials are also susceptible to ___
Early failure
92
The open web design of truss joints permits the ___
Rapid spread of fire in directions perpendicular to the truss joints instead of simply along the long dimension of the member
93
Truss types include ___
1. Parallel chords
2. Pitched chords
3. Arched chords
94
The parallel chord truss is generally used to support ___
Flat roofs and floor assemblies
95
Manufactured from smaller pieces of wood or light gauge steel to form trusses that weigh less than traditional systems made from solid wood or heavy gauge steel
Engineered construction systems
96
Two of the most common types of engineered construction systems
Lightweight steel or wooden trusses
97
Made from long steel chords that are either straight or bent up to 90° with either flat or tubular members in the web space
Lightweight steel trusses
98
The portion of the roof between the roof supports and the roof covering
Roof deck
99
Types of roof decks
1. Plywood sheathing
2. OSB
3. Wood tongue and groove
4. Corrugated metal
5. Sprayable concrete encapsulated polystyrene
6. Reinforced concrete
7. Double tee preformed concrete
100
Components of roof decks
1. Sheathing
2. Roof planks or slabs
3. Purlins
101
Two basic types of concrete roofs common in north america
1. Cast-in-place
2. Precast
102
If a multistory building is to have a flat roof, the usual practice is to use ___
The same structural system for the roof and the floors
103
Placed into forms at the building site as a wet mass and hardens into prepared forms
Cast-in-place concrete
104
Permits the designer to cast the concrete in a wide variety of shapes
Cast-in-place concrete
105
Cast-in-place concrete roof does not develop its design strength until after it has been ___
Placed in the location where it will be used
106
Cast-in-place concrete does not develop its
107
Precast concrete roof units are widely used because they can be ___
Fabricated off-site and hauled to the construction site ready for use
108
These roofs have gypsum plaster and Portland cement mixed with aggregates, such as perlite, vermiculite, or sand to form lightweight concrete
Lightweight concrete roofs
109
Lightweight concrete roofs are usually finished with ___ to make them ___
1. Roofing felt and hot tar
2. Watertight
110
Lightweight concrete roofs are reinforced with ___
Steel mesh or rods
111
The part of the roof exposed to the weather
Roof covering
112
Roof penetrations can indicate ___
The location of some types of rooms such as bathrooms or mechanical spaces
113
Monitors, smoke and attic vents, scuttle hatches, and skylights may be used to gain access to ___
Attics and cocklofts
114
Common roof modifications
1. Green roofs
2. Cold roofs
3. Photovoltaic roofs
4. Rain or snow roofs
5. Security
6. Structural modifications
7. Roof-mounted equipment
115
Involves the use of the roof surface of a building for a rooftop garden
Green roof
116
A rooftop garden constitutes a ___ on the roof structural system
Deadload
117
Under fire conditions, the increased load can accelerate ___
Structural failure
118
The deadload from a rooftop garden can weigh as much as ___
20 to 150 lbs sq/ft
119
Green roofs can interfere with ___
Ventilation practices and fire location indicators
120
Concerns with green roofs
1. The effects of high-velocity winds and uplift wind pressures
2. Roof drainage which can add weight to the roof creating a collapse hazard
3. The exposure hazard that dry vegetation on the roof may create
4. The need for a clear space between vegetation and fire walls that penetrate the roof
121
Generally found in cold, snowy climates to prevent ice damming and icicle formation at eaves
Cold roof system
122
Designed to prevent interior heat from escaping into the attic space, thus melting the snow on the roof
Cold roof system
123
Cold roof system installation
1. Sheathing layer installed above the top chord of the truss or rafter
2. Membrane installed above the sheathing layer to prevent condensation buildup
3. Two layers of 1 x 4-inch parallel spacers are installed above the membrane to create a 3" void air space to act as insulation against warm air from the home
4. Second layer of sheathing installed above the parallel spacers
5. Roof covering system is installed next
124
PV
Photovoltaic
125
PV cell panels can be ___
Laid on top of a roof or embedded in the roof
126
If light is available, the PV cells will continue to ___
Produce power
127
On a PV array, the shock hazard due to application of water is dependent on ___
Voltage, water conductivity, distance, and spray pattern
128
On PV arrays, there is no single point of ___
Disconnect
129
What can reduce the power from PV to near zero?
Heavy, densely woven fabric and dark plastic films
130
Tactical considerations to mitigate shock hazards from PV installations
1. Emergency disconnect and disruption techniques
2. Severing of conductors
3. PV power production during low ambient light, artificial light, and light from a fire
131
May be found on commercial buildings, schools, and residential structures. These assemblies are pitched roofs built over older flat roofs
Rain or snow roofs
132
Purpose of rain roofs
1. Aesthetic purposes
2. Leak prevention
3. Directing moisture off the roof
4. An alternative to repairing or resurfacing the original roof
133
Rain roofs are installed over mobile homes to provide ___
A more permanent appearance
134
Ventilating a rain roof will not remove smoke from within the structure until ___
The original roof is penetrated
135
The void that a rain roof creates can conceal a ___
Fire
136
Why should firefighters not enter the void area under a rain roof to cut a hole in the original roof?
1. Become trapped in the void
2. Be overcome by the heat and smoke trapped in the void
3. Fall through a weakened original roof
4. Be caught in an extreme fire condition as the heated gases mix with fresh air
137
___ may be installed for security purposes in rooftop skylights
Wired glass
138
Store owners may install ___ on the roof to prevent break-ins
Iron plates
139
Equipment mounted to roofs add to the ___
Load distributed on the roof, increase collapse hazards, and add to the obstructions that can affect ventilation efforts
140
Doors are a tool for ___
Fire and flow path control
141
Doors are generally classified by the way that they ___
Operate
142
Doors commonly used in modern construction
1. Swinging
2. Sliding
3. Folding
4. Vertical
5. Revolving
143
Doors can also be classified by ___
Style and material
144
Most common metals used for doors
Aluminum and carbon steel
145
Door that rotates my means of hinges secured to the side jams of the doorway or on pivot posts supported at the top and bottom
Swinging door
146
A swinging door can be either ___
Single or double leaf
147
Single acting swinging door
Swinging in one direction
148
Double acting swinging door
Swinging in two directions
149
___ are usually required as exit doors in a means of egress
Swinging doors
150
Door suspended from an overhead track and uses steel or nylon rollers
Sliding doors
151
A sliding door usually has ___ to prevent the door from swinging laterally
Floor guides or tracks
152
A sliding door can be designed for ___
Surface sliding, pocket sliding, or bypass sliding
153
A sliding door eliminates a door swing that might ___
Interfere with the use of interior space
154
Door slides into a wall assembly
Pocket sliding door
155
Sliding doors are never allowed as part of a means of egress because ___
They slow the travel of people through the door opening
156
Door hung from an overhead track with rollers or glides, and folds into sections
Folding doors
157
A folding door can be either ___
Bifolding or multifolding
158
Folding doors may be found in ___
Residential occupancies, in places of assembly to divide large conference areas into smaller rooms, and as horizontal fire doors
159
A door that opens in a vertical plane
Overhead door or vertical door
160
Applications of vertical doors
1. Loading dock doors
2. Garage doors
3. Freight elevator doors
4. Fire doors protecting openings that are not part of the required means of egress
161
A vertical operating door can be ___
A simple single leaf, or it can consist of two or more horizontal panels
162
A door that operates vertically is usually provided with some type of ___
Counterbalance mechanism
163
The counter balance mechanism in vertical doors
Weights or springs
164
A vertical door can be raised ___
Manually, mechanically via chain hoist, or power-operated
165
Door constructed with three or four sections or wings that rotate in a circular frame
Revolving door
166
A revolving door is designed to minimize ___
Air flow through a door opening to reduce building heating or cooling costs
167
The wings of a revolving door are designed to ___ to provide an unobstructed opening
Collapse under pressure
168
How do revolving doors allow for collapse?
1. Older doors use simple chain keepers or stretcher bars between the wings
2. New models use spring-loaded, cam-in-groove hardware
3. Most models employ a mechanism that allow the wings to open to a book-fold position when the wings are pushed in opposite directions
169
Door consists of vertical and horizontal members that frame a rectangular area. Thin panels of wood, glass, or louvers are placed within the framed rectangular area
Panel door
170
Consists of flat face panels that are the full height and width of the door. The panels are attached to a solid or hollow core
Flush door
171
Flush door is also called ___
Slab door
172
A flush door can be designed with openings to accommodate ___
Glass vision panels or ventilation louvres
173
Door formed with an interior core of laminated blocks of wood, particleboard, or a mineral composition. The core is covered with two or three layers of surface material, which is usually plywood
Solid-core doors
174
If a wood solid-core door is intended for exterior application where security is a concern, ___ may be attached to the exterior surface
A layer of sheet metal
175
Door constructed with spacers between the face panels to provide lateral support. The interior spacers consist of a grid or honeycomb of wood, plastic, or fiberboard
Hollow-core door
176
Hollow-core doors are ___ than solid-core doors
Lighter and less expensive
177
Hollow-core doors are usually used for interior applications because ___
They have minimal thermal or sound-insulating value
178
A solid-core door that has not been specifically designed as a fire door will act as a significant barrier to fire if it is ___ at the time of the fire
Closed
179
Glass doors are most commonly used in ___
Office and mercantile buildings
180
Glass doors can be either ___
Framed or frameless
181
Consists of a single sheet of glass to which door hardware such as handles are attached
Frameless glass door
182
Door in which glass is placed in and surrounded by a metal or wood frame with the required door hardware attached to the frame
Framed glass door
183
Glass doors must be made of ___
Tempered glass that resists breakage
184
Often used in framed glass doors to provide additional security
Various plastics such as Lexan or Plexiglas
185
Common type of metal door
Hollow door made from steel or aluminum
186
A hollow metal door can be either ___
Panel or flush
187
Normal hollow metal door thickness
1 3/4"
188
A flush door consists of smooth sheet metal face panels ___ thick. Vertical sheet metal ribs within the door spaced ___ apart separate the face panels of a steel door
1. 1/20"
2. 6" - 8"
189
___ can be placed between the ribs in a hollow metal door
Sound-deadening material
190
An aluminum flush door usually has a core of ___
Hardboard and honeycomb-patterned paper
191
A door made with two corrugated sheets has an interior core material such as ___
Styrofoam
192
Protect openings in fire-rated walls and block the spread of fire within a structure
Fire doors
193
Fire doors differ from ordinary doors in their ___
Construction, hardware, and the extent to which they may be required to close automatically
194
The construction and operation of fire doors depend on the ___
Type of occupancy, the amount of space around the door opening, and the required fire protection rating for the door
195
Most fire doors will be constructed of ___
Metal
196
Commonly used to protect a fire wall opening in an industrial occupancy or an opening in a wall separating buildings into fire areas
Overhead rolling steel fire door
197
Overhead rolling steel fire doors usually close ___
Under the force of gravity when a fusible link melts, but motor driven doors are available
198
An overhead rolling steel fire door is constructed of ___
Interlocking steel slats with other operating components such as:
Releasing devices
Counterbalance mechanisms
Governors
Wall guides
199
Usually held open by a fusible link, and slide into position along a track either by gravity or by the force of a counterweight
Horizontal sliding fire doors
200
Horizontal sliding fire doors are often found in ___
Old industrial buildings
201
Common type of sliding fire door
Metal-covered, wood-core door
202
The wood core in a sliding fire door provides ___, while the sheet metal covering ___
1. Thermal insulation
2. Protects the wood from the fire
203
Why does a metal-covered, wood-core sliding fire door usually have a vent hole in the sheet metal?
Wood undergoes thermal decomposition when exposed to heat, the vent hold vents the gases of decomposition
204
Metals used to cover a wood core sliding fire door
Steel, galvanized sheet metal, and terneplate
205
Terneplate
Metal composed of tin and lead
206
Fire doors made with terneplate are commonly referred to as ___
Tin-clad doors
207
Commonly used in stairwell enclosures or corridors that require a fire door
Swinging fire doors
208
Disadvantage of a swinging fire door
Requires a clear space around the door to ensure closure
209
A swinging fire door is a good choice when the door ___
Is located in a corridor where it must remain open during day-to-day operations
210
Fire doors can be either ___
Automatic or self-closing
211
Door normally held open and closes automatically when an operating device is activated
Automatic door
212
Door is normally closed and will return to the closed position if it is opened and released
Self-closing door
213
For a swinging fire door to close, ___
Some type of detection device must first sense a fire or smoke from a fire
214
Oldest and simplest detection device for a fire door
Fusible link
215
Advantage of fusible links
Inexpensive, relatively rugged, and easy to maintain
216
Disadvantage of fusible links
Slower to operate than devices that detect smoke or the rate of temperature increase
217
Advantage of smoke detector for a fire door
Closes more quickly, and permits easy testing
218
Disadvantage of smoke detector for a fire door
Costs more and requires periodic cleaning
219
Some fire doors are designed to close when any component of the ___ is activated
Fire alarm system
220
A window consists of ___
A frame, one or more sashes, and all necessary hardware to make a complete unit
221
Includes the members that form the perimeter of the window, and is fixed to the surrounding wall or other supports
Window frame
222
A fixed or movable framed unit that may be included within the window frame
Sash
223
The window frame is composed of ___
The sill, side jambs, and head jamb
224
Lowest horizontal member of the window frame and supports the weight of the hardware and sash
Sill
225
Glass in windows is called ___
Glazing
226
Glass in a window may be ___
Single, double, or triple-glazed
227
Windows can be broadly classified into ___
Fixed (nonoperable)
Movable (operable)
228
Windows that contain both fixed and movable characteristics are generally included in the ___ classification
Movable
229
Common movable window configurations
1. Double-hung
2. Single-hung
3. Casement
4. Horizontal sliding
5. Awning
6. Jalousie
7. Projecting
8. Pivoting
230
Has two sashes that can move past each other in a vertical plane
Double-hung window
231
A double-hung window is common in ___
Residential occupancies
232
___ hold a double-hung window in the desired position
Balancing devices
233
Balancing devices in a single or double-hung window
Counterweights, springs, or a spring-loaded coiled tap
234
Windows that use counterweights are found in ___
Old buildings
235
Has only one openable sash
Single-hung window
236
Has a side-hinged sash that is usually installed to swing outward. May contain one or two operating sashes and can be fully opened by unlatching and pushing or using the mechanical window crank for ventilation
Casement
237
Has two or more sashes of which at least one moves horizontally within the window frame
Horizontal sliding window
238
In a three sash horizontal sliding window, the middle sash is usually ___
Fixed
239
Has one or more top-hinged, outward swinging sashes that are opened by unlatching and pushing or using the mechanical window crank
Awning window
240
The arrangement of an awning window permits the window to be ___
Open during rain
241
Hopper windows are similar in design to awning windows except they are ___
Hinged at the bottom
242
Includes a large number of narrow overlapping glass sections swinging outward
Jalousie window
243
The individual pieces of glass in a jalousie window are about ___
4" wide
244
The pieces of glass in a jalousie window are supported ___
At the ends by an operating mechanism
245
Jalousie windows are popular architecturally because ___
The amount of opening can be caried for ventilation without admitting rain
246
Window that swings outwards at the top or bottom and slides upward or downward in grooves. A push bar that usually operates the projected window is notched to hold the window in place
Projecting window
247
Window that has a sash that pivots horizontally or vertically on a central axis. Part of the window swings inward and part swings outward when it is opened
Pivoting window
248
A window of pivoting design provides ___
The full area of the window opening for ventilation
249
Security is commonly provided for windows, especially those that are ___
Accessible from ground level or adjacent roofs
250
Common window security method
Fasten metal bars or screens to the exterior of the window frame or to the building itself
251
The metal bars fastened to the building may be ___
Embedded in masonry or mounted on hinges and locked with padlocks or other locking devices
252
Security windows are available with movable sashes and fixed bars so that ___
The windows can be opened for ventilation while maintaining the security of the premises
253
Security bars and grilles must be removed or disabled when interior operations begin to ensure ___
Firefighter safety in case a rapid egress is required
254
May be used to protect a fire wall opening in an industrial occupancy or an opening in a wall separating buildings into fire areas
Rolling steel shutters
255
Block interior window openings, such as office windows overlooking a factory floor
Rolling steel shutters
256
Rolling steel shutters have the same operating components as ___
Rolling steel doors
257
Rolling steel shutters normally close ___
Under the force of gravity when a fusible link melts, but motor-driven shutters are available
