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Structural Search & Rescue (IFSTA) Flashcards

1
Q

To ensure your survival and that of your fellow firefighters, you must learn to ___

A
  1. Recognize and avoid potential hazards
  2. Escape unavoidable hazards
  3. Rescue lost or trapped firefighters
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2
Q

Conditions specific to SAR operations that should be observed and communicated to crew members and your supervisor

A
  1. Location and extent of the fire
  2. Changes in heat level
  3. Changes to fire behavior, spread, and growth, including signs of rapid fire development
  4. Visibility level and changes to visibility
  5. Changes to the neutral plane in the structure
  6. Smoke color or change of smoke color
  7. Volume and behavior of smoke
  8. Known locations of victims or occupants
  9. Number of known victims or occupants
  10. You and your team’s starting and available air supply
  11. Locations of safe havens and alternate exit routes
  12. Indications of ceiling/floor collapse
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3
Q

To survive an unavoidable hazardous situation, you must ___

A
  1. Practice sound firefighting techniques
  2. Practice situational awareness
  3. Anticipate the types of survival situations you may face
  4. Practice MAYDAY and self-rescue techniques
  5. Check your own and your team member’s air supply
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4
Q

The extreme stress of an emergency makes ___ thought difficult

A

Conscious

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5
Q

___ will warn of of rapid fire development or structural collapse

A

Situational awareness

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6
Q

To overcome the psychological effects of obscured vision conditions you should ___

A
  1. Remain calm
  2. Control your breathing
  3. Maintain your situational awareness
  4. Stay in contact with your partner
  5. Focus on your assigned task
  6. Rely on your other senses
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7
Q

Personnel who experience emotional difficulties when operating in obscured vision conditions should ___

A

Seek professional assistance

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8
Q

MAYDAY situations

A
  1. Air emergencies
  2. Lost/disoriented
  3. Entanglement
  4. Rapid fire development
  5. Collapse/trapped
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9
Q

An ___ environment is not necessarily dangerous to life and health if the proper level of PPE is provided

A

Untenable

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10
Q

The environment of a structure fire or damaged structure can change swiftly due to ___

A
  1. Sudden or unexpected fire spread and temperature increase within the structure
  2. Loss of structural stability and possible collapse
  3. Buildup of smoke and products of combustion
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11
Q

If conditions within the structure become untenable, personnel should ___

A

Evacuate the structure or take shelter in a safe haven

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12
Q

During search and rescue, firefighters should identify possible ___ within the structure

A

Safe Havens

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13
Q

If you seek shelter in a safe haven, you must ___

A

Notify the IC of your situation

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14
Q

You must regulate ___ so that you can exit the IDLH safely

A

Air consumption

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15
Q

Three key principles of air management

A
  1. Always know how much air you have left
  2. Know your point of no return
  3. Inform the IC if you must exit the structure
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16
Q

Times in which you must check your air supply

A
  1. Check regularly
  2. Before entering an IDLH atmosphere
  3. When moving from one area to another
  4. After periods of heavy work
  5. A specific intervals, based on SOPs
  6. When resting
  7. Before beginning on a new assignment
  8. When the assigned area is reached
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17
Q

Your point of no return is based on ___

A
  1. How much air is required to exit the IDLH
  2. The lowest cylinder gauge reading of any member of the team
  3. Your department’s SOPs
  4. Environmental conditions
  5. Your team’s physical and mental condition
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18
Q

___ personnel on the exterior of the structure should have some idea of the time you have been in the structure and can help to guide your decision making process regarding air management

A

Accountability

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19
Q

Air management is ___ responsibility

A

Your

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20
Q

30-minute cylinder working airflow

A

103 L/min

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21
Q

30-minute cylinder resting airflow

A

40 L/min

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22
Q

30-minute cylinder air volume at 25% capacity

A

400 L

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23
Q

30-minute cylinder air volume at 33% capacity

A

About 530 L

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24
Q

30-minute cylinder remaining air time at rest at 33% and 25% capacity

A
  1. 15 min
  2. 10 min
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25
30-minute cylinder remaining air time when moving to escape at 33% and 25% capacity
1. 5 min 2. 4 min
26
Your point of no return must be based on ___
How much air you consume
27
Never leave a team member alone in the ___
Hazard zone
28
If low on air and you have a team member nearby or rescue has arrived, use ___
Air sharing techniques
29
If trapped and disoriented, ___ until rescue team arrives
Stay calm, activate PASS device, and control breathing until rescue team arrives
30
If your SCBA mask regulator becomes inoperable and air remains in your cylinder, you can ___
Open the bypass/purge valve to provide positive pressure and breath directly from the cylinder
31
If air runs out before rescue arrives, and there are no other options, ___
Create a gap between the chin and mask seal to take a breath as needed. Ensure that the regulator stays in place and the protective hood stays sealed around lower lip of mask
32
Actions to shelter in place after completing MAYDAY report
1. Remain calm and control breathing 2. Get to an uninvolved room if possible and close the door 3. Shine a light through available windows to draw attention to your location 4. Continue to communicate on your radio 5. Activate your PASS device 6. Make noise to draw attention to your location 7. Shine your flashlight or hand light directly overhead 8. If you are unsure of your location, listen for sounds that provide clues to your location 9. Isolate yourself from the fire compartment
33
Firefighters usually perform ___ to determine whether the atmosphere at an incident is safe
Air monitoring
34
Air monitoring instrument reaction time may take ___
Several seconds
35
Unless ___, firefighters usually prioritize monitoring for a safe atmosphere to conduct a rescue or ID gases that may have contributed to a medical emergency
There are hazardous materials present
36
Air monitoring IDs atmospheric hazards that dictate ___
Necessary PPE and respiratory protection for activity at the scene or tactics for a rescue
37
Categories of atmospheric hazards
1. Oxygen enrichment or deficiency 2. Flammability 3. Toxicity
38
How is oxygen enrichment or deficiency measured?
As a percentage of oxygen in the air using an oxygen meter
39
How is flammability measured?
As a percentage of flammable gas in the air based upon the gas's LEL using a CGI
40
CGI
Combustible Gas Indicator
41
How is toxicity measured?
In PPM of a toxic gas in the air using single gas or multigas detectors
42
Max oxygen enrichment to enter a space
Below 23.5%
43
Normal air gas composition
20.9% oxygen, 78.1% nitrogen, 1% other gases
44
Oxygen deficient atmosphere
Below 19.5%
45
A lower than normal oxygen percentage indicates ___
Some kind of contaminant is displacing the air in the atmosphere
46
If the oxygen percentage is below normal, notify the ___
IC
47
Why should oxygen sensors be replaced frequently?
They degrade, faster when in contact with chemicals and gases
48
___ can affect oxygen sensor readings
Humidity, temperature, and elevation
49
An atmosphere containing a flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of ___ is considered hazardous
10% of its LEL
50
When grain dust or fine dust from woodworking is suspended in the air, a ___ can be created
Very flammable or even explosive atmosphere
51
The LEL of airborne combustible grain dust can be approximated when ___
The dust obscures vision at a distance of 5' or less
52
If monitoring equipment indicates the presence of flammable gases or vapors, responders must assume ___
The atmosphere to be flammable or explosive
53
If the atmosphere is flammable or explosive ___
All nearby sources of ignition should be eliminated, and consideration must be give to delaying entry into the area until ventilation reduces the level of flammable gas to below 10% of its LEL
54
Measure the amount of flammable vapors and gases in the atmosphere
CGIs
55
CGIs measure flammable vapors in one of three ways: ___
1. Percentage of the LEL 2. PPM 3. Percentage of gas per volume of air
56
Most CGIs measure the ___
LEL
57
Each CGI is calibrated to ___
A specific flammable gas
58
Common flammable gases measured by a CGI
1. Methane 2. Pentane 3. Propane 4. Hexane
59
LEL meters will not provide accurate readings in ___
Oxygen deficient or enriched atmospheres
60
SDS
Safety Data Sheet

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