Ropes And Knots (BSM) Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
It is more important to be able to tie these standard knots automatically, while under stress of an emergency, than to ___
A
Know a greater number of knots and yet have failed to acquire skill in their use
2
Q
Whether working with rope or knots in an emergency or training, ___ should be on the mind of all involved
A
Safety
3
Q
SFD separates the use of ropes into two categories: ___
A
- Utility
- Life safety
4
Q
A rope that is used for any function than that of life safety
A
Utility rope
5
Q
Tie ropes, practice ropes, RIG ropes, roof ropes, and other ropes that are marked as such all ___
A
Fall under the umbrella of utility rope
6
Q
Any rope used to support the weight of members or other persons during rescue, fire fighting, or other emergency operations, or during training evolutions
A
Life safety rope
7
Q
Operations companies use ___ for all operations level rescues
A
1/2” static kernmantle life safety rope
8
Q
Accessory cord used in life safety applications
A
- 8mm guide sling for the Load Releasing Hitch
- Prussik loops
9
Q
8mm rope (accessory cord) breaking strength
A
3100 lbs
10
Q
1/2” rope breaking strength
A
9000 lbs
11
Q
Non-moving
A
Static
12
Q
There is no such thing as a ___ rope system
A
Static
13
Q
What describes rope better than static and dynamic?
A
Low-stretch and high-stretch
14
Q
Operations life safety rope have a relatively ___ stretch ratio
A
Low
15
Q
Stretch ratio of operations life safety ropes
A
Usually between 10 and 20 percent till failure
16
Q
What makes the operations life safety ropes have a low stretch ratio?
A
Non-spiral constructed core bundle
17
Q
___ elongation will occur with a working load (operations life safety ropes)
A
2 to 5 percent
18
Q
Low stretch ropes are called ___
A
Static
19
Q
Working load for operations life safety ropes
A
200 lbs
20
Q
___ ropes have a relatively high stretch ratio
A
High stretch or dynamic ropes
21
Q
Stretch ratio of dynamic rope
A
20 to 50 percent till failure
22
Q
What gives dynamic rope its high stretch ratio?
A
Spiral constructed core bundle
23
Q
Operations utility ropes are ___ stretch
A
“Dynamic” high
24
Q
Rope safety rules
A
- Avoid walking or standing on the rope
- Do not drag the rope
- Do not leave a rope under tension for any extended period of time unless necessary
- Remove all knots as soon as possible
- If rope cleaning is needed, clean by rinsing with clean fresh water
- Hang dry wet rope before bagging
- Minimize exposure to UV radiation
- Nylon moving across nylon can melt through the stationary piece
- Pad sharp edges
- Avoid adding twists and kinks when bagging/coiling the ropes
25
Types of rope used
1. 1/2" (low-stretch) static kernmantle rescue rope
2. Accessory cord
3. Utility rope
26
How many bags of life safety rope are carried by operations ladder companies?
3
27
Typically, most ladder companies will carry ___ life safety ropes
(1) 150' and (2) 300'
28
A rescue load is considered to be ___
600 lbs
29
In order to meet NFPA certifications, life safety rescue rope has a ___ safety factor
15:1
30
Two accessory cords used
1. Guide slings
2. System Prussik Loops
31
Used primarily for tying a load releasing hitch, however can be used for any accessory rigging need
Guide slings
32
Guide sling size
25 to 30 foot
33
Short prusik loop size
57"
34
Long prusik loop size
71"
35
How are prusik loops tied (created)
Double overhand bend and are tightened down using a compound 9:1 pully system until 2" of tail remains protruding from the bend
36
Strength of 8mm material according to the manufacturer
3630 lbs
37
Utility rope is usually made of ___
Manila, nylon, or other synthetic materials
38
To achieve a functional breaking strength, the rope or other material is ___
Placed in the position of function and slow pulled to failure
39
The reason for slow pull testing of rope
Allows fibers to change alignment and move in relation to each other. Shock load testing occurs in less than .5 seconds and the fibers do not have time to realign
40
The energy generated by movement
Dynamic energy
41
A rope arresting a falling object, has energy transference that would be ___ of the rope
Dynamic tensioning of the rope
42
If a rope was attached to a falling object and used to arrest its fall, then the energy of the object would be ___
Transferred to the rope
43
The remaining strength in a rope that has been used for a period of time
Residual strength
44
As a rope is used, high load forces, abrasion, and other factors combine to ___
Reduce the strength of the rope
45
Factors that affect the residual strength of the rope
Arresting falls, corrosive chemicals, sunlight, abrasion, etc
46
Modern rescue ropes are capable of sustaining ___
Considerable damage without failure
47
Low stretch life safety ropes are marked ___
On each end with a number for inventory and the date the rope was placed into service. Each end is marked with either End A or End B. Mark the middle as recommended by the manufacturer
48
How to evenly distribute wear on life safety rope
Alternate the End A and End B after each use
49
Washington State Law requires members to record what the rope was ___ after every use
Used for
50
The rope's history is one of the elements that will contribute to the decision of ___
When to retire a rope from service
51
What to note in the rope log
1. Date
2. Use
3. Condition
4. Which end and length used
5. Recorder's name
52
How to clean life safety rope
Wash with clean water, brushing the dirt off with a nylon brush and allow to air dry. Mild detergent may be used if needed
53
Questions regarding which detergent to use on life safety rope should be directed to ___
On duty personnel at Rescue 1 at Station 14
54
Max temp of water for cleaning life safety rope
110°F
55
The rope is dried ___
Away from direct sunlight in a hose tower or heated room
56
Before bagging the cleaned rope ___
Inspect the rope and record the washing in the rope log
57
In rope making the manufacturers add a ___ that leads to nylon degradation
Lubricating compound
58
The lubricant added to nylon rope is an aid in manufacturing, but leads to ___
Programmed obsolesce
59
Washington state mandates that life safety ropes be removed from service as a life safety rope after ___
6 years of service
60
Utility ropes are cared for based on ___
Material they are made from
61
Utility ropes do not have ___
1. Either end marked
2. Dedicated service life
3. rope history log
62
Manila roof rope should never be put away ___
Wet
63
How to stow manila rope
Daisy chained
64
Nylon rope is usually stowed ___
Bagged
65
Webbing used
1. 1" tubular webbing
2. Pick-off straps
3. Anchor straps
66
Primary material used for rigging anchors in operations
Webbing
67
Characteristics of webbing
Light, can be used for most rigging situations, and is strong
68
Since ___, the 1mm diameter of 1" tubular webbing makes this material an excellent choice in rigging for rescue
Tight radius bends cause larger diameter materials to lose strength
69
Diameter of 1" tubular webbing
1mm
70
General purpose utility strap made of 1 3/4" flat webbing
Pick-off strap
71
Pick-off strap rating
1. Webbing at 10,000 lbs
2. Buckle slips at 4500 lbs
72
Uses for this strap range from clipping an attendant into the litter for high/low angle evacuations to an adjustable attachment point for the edge attendant
Pick-off strap
73
The buckle could be ___, to achieve a strength closer to that of the webbing if needed (pick-off strap)
Tied off with a double overhand
74
Using the pick-off strap for clipping an attendant into the litter for high/low angle evacuations
Clip doubled end to the load and obtain a 2:1 mechanical advantage
75
2" high strength nylon straps
Anchor straps
76
The anchor straps have link connection points at both ends to ___
Receive carabiners
77
When the anchor strap is used in the basket U configuration as in operations, they are rated at ___
12,500 lbs
78
The end of a rope that you will manipulate the most to actively tie a knot
Running end
79
The end of the rope not being used in the knot you are tying
Bitter end
80
The running end is also called the ___
Working end
81
The bitter end is also called the ___
Standing end
82
The opposite end to the running end
Bitter end
83
Any rope that doubles back on itself without actually crossing over
Bight
84
Created when a bight crosses itself
Loop
85
An intertwined loop of rope, used to fasten two such ropes to one another or to another object
Knot
86
A knot, even when not in use, will ___
Hold its shape or form
87
Ways of fastening or tying ropes together
Bend or hitch
88
Will not hold its form when not in use or wrapped around something
Bend or hitch
89
Made by untwisting two rope ends and weaving them together
Splice
90
Kernmantle rope construction
Balanced construction of continuous filament polyester cover braided over a unidirectional nylon core
91
Kernmantle means literally ___
Core-sheath
92
Kernmantle is designed to meet the rigorous requirements associated with ___
Rescue and rappelling operations
93
Carabiners are central to ___
Rigging for rescue
94
All carabiners should be loaded ___
Along the spine
95
Along the spine
From end to end
96
Squarish rescue carabiners tend to ___
Rotate the load on the opposite side of the spine causing incorrect loading
97
Incorrect loading greatly reduces the carabiner's strength by as much as ___
50%
98
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
99
Locking "D" rescue carabiner breaking strength
9000 lbs
100
The large gate opening on the locking "D" rescue carabiner allows it to ___
Fit over litter rails
101
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
102
When using the locking "D" rescue carabiner, always ___
1. Lock the gate
2. Load along the spine
3. Avoid rigging material more than two fingers wide or distributed from two different directions on the same end
103
Three way loading can reduce the strength of a carabiner by as much as ___
47%
104
Lock the gate of the carabiner for ___
Maximum strength
105
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
106
Knots must be ___
Tied, dressed, and set
107
Cleaned up so there are no twists, and the knot flows correctly with the tension on the correct strand
Dressed
108
Tensioned to remove any slack in the knot
Set
109
The criteria for knot selection
1. Ability to tie
2. Ability to inspect
3. Ability to adjust
4. Ability to untie
5. Last is the strength of the knot
110
Check your teammate's knots with the ___ method to be sure they are ___
1. Touch
2. Dressed and set
111
A tactile review of each element of a knot
Touch method
112
If the component of the knot hasn't been touched by the reviewer, then it hasn't been ___
Checked
113
The process of cleaning up the knot, bend, or hitch so that the rope flows smoothly through the many turns and bights
Dressing
114
Refers to putting a strain on each leg of the knot
Setting the knot
115
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with no knot
100%
116
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with a figure 8
75-80%
117
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with a bowline
70-75%
118
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with a double overhand bend
65-70%
119
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with a ring bend
60-70%
120
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with a clove hitch
60-65%
121
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with an overhand knot
60-65%
122
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with two half hitches (tested over 16mm diameter ring)
60-70%
123
Relative strength of single kernmantle rope with a square knot
43-70%
124
Rope intertwined with itself
Knot
125
A "U" shape in the rope
Bight
126
Rope forming a loop and continuing on
Loop
127
The end actively being tied
Running end
128
Non-moving part of rope
Standing end
129
Utility knot used in many applications where a quick non-slip attachment is required in non life safety applications
Round turn and two half hitches
130
Bowline is used because of its ___
Adjustability, ease of inspection, and ability to be untied after being loaded
131
The bowline must be backed-up by ___
A Yosemite finish or a double overhand
132
The longtail bowline doesn't require a ___
Backup knot
133
Advantage of the Yosemite finish vs a double overhand
Easy and less bulky
134
The tail in the bowline is rewoven through the knot until it surfaces in parallel with the standing end
Yosemite finish
135
Use as an end knot to form a loop to connect the rope to an anchor or harness
Double figure eight
136
The Double Figure 8 is one of two tie-in knots recommended for tie-in to a ___
Single person belay line
137
Double figure 8 may be used to tie off the end of the running end of a rappel rope so that ___
The person is not able to slide off the end of the rope
138
In-line figure 8 use
A mid-line attachment point that can be used for rescue systems and life safety or any place where a midline loop may be of use
139
Preferred method of storing webbing
Chain stitch
140
A hitch incorporates something within it to maintain ___
Shape
141
Operations company members should only use the ___ prusik
Three-wrap
142
The three wrap prusik hitch is for rescue loads up to ___
600 lbs
143
Useful to quickly tie-off the end of a rope so it will not fall out of your reach, and still easily adjustable
Clove hitch
144
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
145
Why is the clove hitch not used as a tie-off, or in place of an anchor knot
146
Why is the clove hitch not used as a tie-off, or in place of an anchor knot?
It has been known to slip and untie
147
The clove hitch is a good beginning for wrapping and ___
Frapping
148
The square knot is actually a ___
Bend
149
Used to tie two strands together, primarily for non life safety situations
Square bend
150
Used to tie two webbing ends together to form a runner, tie a multipoint anchor together, etc
Overhand follow-through bend
151
Tubular webbing is slippery, so leave a ___ of tail as a minimum for the overhand follow-through bend
A hand width or two inches
152
Why is dressing and setting the overhand follow-through bend very important
The slippery material
153
This bend is used to tie two ropes together, primarily for prusik loops. Can also be used to tie high/low stretch materials together
Double overhand bend
154
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
155
The double overhand bend is preferred for use with ___
156
The double overhand bend is preferred for use with ___ loads
Single person
157
Because of the tight arcs within the double overhand bend, it is ___
Very difficult to untie once loaded
158
If the double overhand bend is used for rescue loads, a ___ is recommended
Prusik bypass
159
If you don't use a prusik bypass with a double overhand bend if used for a rescue load, you may need to ___
Cut this bend out of the rope once it is set with a rescue load
160
Used for joining two unequal sized diameter material together
Double becket bend
161
One may wish to backup the double becket bend with ___
Double overhands on the two tails
162
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
163
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
164
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
165
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
166
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
167
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
168
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
169
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
170
Preferred link in the rigging systems
Locking "D" rescue carabiner
