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Project Management Year 1 > Building Services Engineering > Flashcards

Building Services Engineering Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

Indoor Comfort Dependencies

A

Thermal - Thermal Environment
Acoustic - Sound Level
Visual - Luminance / glare / daylight
Indoor Air Quality - Indoor Pollution / Air Quality

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2
Q

Thermal Comfort Definition

A

That condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the Thermal Environment

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3
Q

Issues caused by over/underheating

A 
37 Overheating 34 Undercooling
Heat stroke
Heat Exhaustion
Frostbite
Hypothermia
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4
Q

Fangers 7 Point Thermal Scale

A 
3 - Hot
2 - Warm
1 - Slightly Warm
0 - Neutral
-1 - Slightly Cold
-2 - Cool
-3 - Cold
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5
Q

Fangers Considerations

A

Environmental - Air temp, Mean radiant temp, Air velocity, Relative humidity
Personal - Metabolic rate, Clothing insulation

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6
Q

Mean Radiant Temperature

A

Average effect of temp from surrounding surfaces

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7
Q

Operative Temperature

A

Meausred by combining air temperature, mean radiant temperature and air speed

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8
Q

Three modes of Adaption

A

Behavioural Adjustment Adaption - Adaptive actions when uncomfortable
Physiological adaption - Heritage / acclimatising
Psychological adaption - alter perception expectation

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9
Q

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Model

A

Linking people comfort temperature indoors with temperature outdoors in naturally ventilated buildings

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10
Q

Radiant Asymmetry

A

Ration heat gain/loss from different sides of the body

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11
Q

Solid / Liquid / Gaseous Pollution

A

Solid - Dusts / fumes / smokes
Liquid - Mists / fogs / smokes by tars in cigarette smoke
Gaseous - SO2 / CO

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12
Q

Indoor Pollutant Sources

A

Paints / Adhesives / Smoking / Moulds

Co2 respiration / skin particles / Odours

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13
Q

Filters

A

Efficiency 20-90%
Type depend on application
Check / clean / replace periodically

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14
Q

Illuminance

A

Total luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area (Lux)
Measure for brightness

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15
Q

Daylight

A

Combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime

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16
Q

Sick Building Syndrome

A

A range of symptoms attributed to spending time in a certain building

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17
Q

SDS Factors

A

Poor maintenance / management
Lack of control over environment
Poor design
Poor indoor air quality

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18
Q

Types of Ventilation

A

Natural - Least improving Comfort Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Comfort Cooling
Air Conditioning
Close Control Air Conditioning - Most cost

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19
Q

Wind Driven

A

Wind entering through windows on all floors

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20
Q

Buoyancy / Stack Driven

A

Enters and heat gains from the inside makes it rise through the building
Low pressure sucks in air

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21
Q

Scoop Ventilation

A

Using the direction of the wind to channel through stack to other parts

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22
Q

Ducted Ventilation

A

Wind directed by ducts to other parts of the building rising / falling

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23
Q

Disadvantages of Natural Ventilation

A 
Air Pollution
Noise
Overheating
Poor Security
Lack of control
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24
Q

Advantages of Ventilation

A

Cheap, Simple and Renewable
No / Little maintenance
Occupant controlled

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25
Occupant Behaviour Definition
If a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways that tend to restore their comfort
26
Adaptive Behaviour Examples
Fans Shading devices Clothing Activity levels
27
Retrofit Measures
Improve air tightness Upgrade external wall insulation Upgrade roof insulation Increasing window layers
28
Heat Losses / Gain
Ventilation Infiltration Conduction through building fabric Solar / People / Equipment / 3 abve
29
What makes up a conventional heating system
``` Fuel Heat Source Heat transfer medium water/air etc + pipework Power Heat Emitters Control devices ```
30
Pump in Series vs Parallel
Series - Same flow rate | Parallel - Same pressure
31
Expansion tank configuration
Open Tank - Open to atmosphere Closed Tank - Captured air Diaphragm Tank - Membrane inserted between air / water
32
Single Pipe System | Two / Dual Pipe
One pipe to everything | Hot Feed + Cold Return
33
Heat Emitters
``` Radiators Convectors Underfloor Heating Radiant Heating Air Handling Units ```
34
Radiator Pro's / Con's
Temp Control / low maintenance | Slow thermal response / Impact floor layout
35
Natural Convector
Room air pulled in Finned heating tube Warm air out
36
Air Handling Unit
``` Air Noise attenuator Frost coil Filters Cooling coil Re-heat coil Fan Humidifier Noise attenuator Duct ```
37
Fan Coil Unit
``` Air Filter Cooling Coil Heating Coil Fan Conditioned air ```
38
Metals with low resistance
``` Copper Aluminium Platinum Gold Silver ```
39
Electric Current Effects
Heating - Heat Magnetic - Magnetic field Chemical - Electrolysis
40
Ohm's Law
V=IR Volts Amps Ohm's
41
Energy Equations
Energy = Power x Time
42
Inductance vs Capacitance
Inductance - induction of voltages in conductors self induced by the magnetic fields of currents Capacitance - Electrostatic storage of charge induced by voltages between conductors
43
Inductance Examples
Motors Heating Coils Lighting chokes
44
CHP
Combined Heat and Power | Heat engine to generate electricity and useful heat
45
Transformer Equation
Vprimary / Vsecondary = Isecondary / Iprimary Used to change voltage and current
46
Medium Voltage Switchgear
Switch / protect cables against faults MV distribution network or intake Air / vacuum circuit breakers
47
Low Voltage Switchgear
Large intake can be split to serve smaller loads Protective devices to protect cables and equipment Moulded case circuit breakers
48
Busbars
High Power Loads | Use less space than multiple power cables
49
Distribution Boards
Receive feed from main switchboard | Feed out to smaller local circuits such as lighting and small power
50
Water Treatment Process
Coagulants added, Heavy particles stick Heavy particles drop, removed, fertiliser Filtered through fine materials Disinfectants added pH maintained by adding Alkaline substances
51
Alternative Supplies of Water
Wells / boreholes Springs / streams Reclaimed water (rainwater) Bottled water
52
Grey Water
Relatively clean water from baths, sinks and washing machines etc Toilet / Garden Use / Cleaning
53
Incoming water supply
Incoming water supply from utility mains Isolation value Water meter
54
Water Heater Types
Direct Gas fired Water Heater Electric Water Heater Solar Water Heating
55
Mechanical Ventilation Definition
Movement of air through a building using fan power, filtration and heating of the air
56
Why Ventilate
Provide fresh air ventilation Fume control Cool the building
57
Effective Ventilation
``` Provide Oxygen Reduce Co2 build up Control body odour Minimise effect of some smoking Minimise effect of heavy smoking ```
58
Domestic Ventilation System
``` Internal Grille Fan Module Fan Spacer Sealing Plate External Grille ```
59
3 Types of Mechanical Ventilation
Filtration Only Filtration + Heating Filtration + Heating + Cooling
60
Duct Sizing
Static Regain Equal Pressure Drop Velocity Method
61
Static Regain
Long lengths of high velocity | Duct gets bigger to maintain velocity after branches to increase static pressure
62
Equal Pressure Drop
Duct size reduces through system
63
3 Fan Types
Backward Curved Fan - Lower Volume Higher Pressure (high efficiency) Forward Curved Fan - High volume system (low noise lower efficiency) Axial Fan - High Volume Low Pressure system (Higher noise)
64
Duct Work Shape
Circular - Most efficient / cheap Rectangular - Greatest flexibility in aspect ratio Flat Oval - Most expensive
65
Duct Materials
``` Hot Dip Galvanised Steel Plastic Stainless Steel Aluminium Pre-Costed Steel ```
66
Thermal Comfort Factors
``` Temperature Humidity Air Velocity Clothing Direct radiation ```
67
Air Conditioning Components
Filters Heating Coil Cooling Coil Humidifier / De-humidifier
68
Psychometric Chart
Psychrometric processes of air | dry bulb temp / wet bulb temp / humidifier / enthalpy / air density
69
Displacement Flow
Piston Flow - Air moved slowly, prevents pollutants being mixed Displacement Ventilation - Air introduced low level, convection currents to high, extract high
70
Mixed Flow
Mixes pollutants with room air Suitable with mobile pollution source Uniform temp distribution
71
Diffuser Terminology
Throw - Distance to which jet has slowed to terminal velocity Buoyancy Effect - Jet drop / rise Surface Effects - Air discharged clings to ceiling Coanda Effect
72
Building Fabric Serves to...
``` Protect building from weather Provide Privacy Provide Security Regulate indoor environment Transmission of Noise ```
73
Window Properties
Reflectance - Ratio of luminous flux reflected to flux incident Transmittance - Ratio of luminous flux transmitted to flux incident Absorbstance - Ratio of luminous flux absorbed to flux incident
74
Thermal Mass
High Heat capacity | High Density
75
Double Skin Facade
Warm - Warm air rises and draws cooler from bottom | Winter - Draws in cold air and heats it
76
Double Skin Facade Adv/Dis
Acoustic Insulation / Thermal insulation / Reduce wind effect Reduces space / Weight increase / Cost
77
Low-E (emissivity) Windows
Minimise the amount of UV and IR that can pass without compromising the visibility
78
Switchgear
Combination of disconnect switches, fuses and circuit breakers to protect and isolate electrical equipment
79
RMU
Cheaper than panel boards Outdoor use Bottom entry
80
LV / MV Switchrooms
Easy maintenance Ventilation to dissipate heat Allow space for extension
81
Building Service Principle
Decrease energy demand Maintain a constant load Improve efficiency of energy required
82
Ways of Affecting Form
Physical - Space planning / concealing services Visual - Exposing services Performance - env perf / reduce need for systems / equip
83
Physical space for services
Space for equipment plant room and risers Vertical distribution Horizontal distribution Air plant on roof energy plant basement
84
Space for Equipment
All air system 3-5% Eletrical, boilers, chillers, water 1-2% floor area Total area 5-11%
85
Orientation and Massing
Position building to capture sun for heating | Reduce east and west exposure because of low sun angles
86
External Shading
Protect solar gain Reduce glare Reduces radiant temperature of glass Controlled to allow daylight
87
Refrigerant
Phase change from gas to liquid to gas
88
Refrigeration Cycle Components
Compressor - Compresses refrigerant incr temp / pressure Condensor - Release heat to ambient environment Expansion Valve - Expand refrigerant to decrease pressure and temperature Evaporator - Absorb heat from the indoor environment
89
Factors considered for refrigerant
Low specific volume High latent heat High thermal conductivity Low viscosity
90
4 Refrigerant Groups
Inorganic Organic Zeotropes Azeotropes
91
Environmental factors affecting building shape
``` Sun External temperature range Wind Rain Noise ```
92
System Approaches Priority Rank
Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Cooling or Air Conditioning
93
Mechanical Ventilation Pros / Cons
Easily controlled Greater flexibility in floor plan design Energy Required / service costs
94
Mechanical Cooling Pros / Cons
Flexibility in building layout Can offset heat gains from equipment / people etc Control over internal environment Temp/Humidity/Air flow/Noise Energy / service costs
95
Effect on building Form Energy Use Effect on floor Plan
Natural / Mechanical / Mech Cooling Sig / Less Sig / Least Sig Low / Medium / High High / Minimum / Minimum
96
FCU's
Fan Coil Unit Air cooled in the space by fan coil in ceiling Air recirculated and mixed
97
Define Voltage
Voltage is a measure of a systems ability to do work moving charge (-ve electrons) around an electrical circuit. (A house has 230V in outlets).
98
Resistance Depends Upon
The material type Cross-sectional area Length Temperature
99
Most effective way of converting thermal energy into heat Electricity
Turbine Driven Alternator that turns coils producing alternating current. Direct current are batteries created through a chemical reaction
100
Drax Power Station
Generators fitted with FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) Removes 90% of the sulphur dioxide from emissions Direct injection allow biomass injected directly into boiler.
101
IEE Wiring Regulations (BS7671)
Tells you how to size cables Current carrying capacity Fault conditions Voltage drops
102
Transformers
Used to charge voltage and therefore current | Transmit at high voltage to avoid heat loss
103
Air Conditioner How it works
Liquid is sent through coils and evaporates This makes the coils very cold Air is passed over these coils to cool your house Gas goes through a compressor to a turn back to liquid
104
Why use ductwork
Delivery to and from spaces Required air volume known Central plant to rooms Reduces leakage and space requirement
105
Factors influencing duct design
Duct Size | Effect of velocity
106
Setting Duct Size
Small is cheaper Friction in duct work increases power Power = Pressure x Flow Rate
107
Duct Extractions
Kitchen / Dust / Chemical
108
Static Regain Adv/Dis
A size for all ductwork Self balancing system Energy Efficient Not applicable to extract systems
109
EPD Adv/Dis
Quick and easy Gives reductions at branches Commercial building with complex routes Use more energy than static regain
110
Velocity Adv/Dis
Avoids noise issue Simple Sizing approach Widely used
111
MRT Equation
A1 T1 + A2 T2 + A3 T3 / A1 +A2 + A3
112
Heating Correction Factor Equation
Flow Temp + Return Temp / 2 - indoor temp
113
Power Equation
P=IV
114
Fan Power Equation
Pressure x flow rate
115
Enthalpy Equation
Internal energy of system + (pressure x volume of system)
116
Duct Size Equation
Volume flow rate = velocity x cross sectional area
117
Heating Equation
Fabric + Ventilation + Infiltration - solar - internal | Losses 3 Gain 2

Project Management Year 1 (13 decks)

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