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Epidemiology > Bunyaviral diseases > Flashcards

Bunyaviral diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Akabane Disease

Species Affected

A

Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat)

Several other mammalian species

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2
Q

Akabane Disease

Occurrence

A

Tropics

Japan, South East Asia, Africa, Australia, Turkey

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3
Q

Akabane Disease

Spread

A

Mosquito borne

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4
Q

Akabane Disease

Clinical Signs

A

In ruminants:
• Abortion, miscarriage, premature birth
• Foetal arthrogryposis, hydrancephaly, muscle dystrophy

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5
Q

Akabane Disease

Diagnosis

A

Virus isolation
RT-PCR
Serology: VN, ELISA, IF

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6
Q

Akabane Disease

Prevention and Immunity

A

In enzootic regions: Attenuated and inactivated vaccines

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7
Q

Aino Virus

Species Affected

A

Cattle and Sheep

Also goats, buffalo, wild ruminants and humans

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8
Q

Aino Virus

Occurrence

A

Tropics
Asia and Australia
Also Japan

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9
Q

Aino Virus

Spread

A

Mosquito and Gnat borne

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10
Q

Aino Virus

Clinical Signs

A

Congenital malformation and birth defects in calves, infected in utero between the 120-180 days of pregnancy
• Arthrogryposis, scoliosis, sunken eyes, cataracts, dental irregularities, hydrancephaly, cerebellar symptoms
• Weakness, blindness, poor eyesight, neurological symptoms (ataxia, torticollosis, tetany, paresis, opisthotonus circling etc
No signs in adults, dairy cows have sudden astasia and leukopenia
Stillbirths, premature delivery

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11
Q

Aino Virus

Prevention and Immunity

A

Inactivated combined vaccine in Japan

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12
Q

Shamonda Virus

Species Affected

A

No direct evidence for pathogenicity in animals and humans

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13
Q

Shamonda Virus

Occurrence

A

Tropics

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14
Q

Shamonda Virus

Spread

A

Arthropod borne

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15
Q

Shamonda Virus

Clinical Signs

A

Seropositivity in colostrum free calves with

arthrogryposis and hydrancephaly

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16
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Species Affected

A

Ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats)

Potentially zoonotic

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17
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Occurrence

A

Europe

Germany, Netherlands

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18
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Spread

A

By Cuilcoides midge

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19
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Clinical Signs

A

Clinical manifestation only seen in
pregnant animals —> adult signs show few/no CS
Pregnant animals: virus spreads to developing foetus —> attacks brain and spinal cord —> damage to CNS and congenital deformities
Cattle:
• Fever (40.5℃)
• Anorexia, Diarrhoea
• Loss of condition and drop in milk production by 50%
• Congenital malformations are rare
Sheep:
• Fever (40.5℃)
• Congenital disorders very characteristic:
• Abortion, stillbirth, premature birth
• Lambs are sometimes born alive but not viable
• Malformation of limbs (torsion) and scoliosis (humpy back), ankylosis (bent spine), brachygnathia inferior
• Cerebellar hypoplasia, aplasia —> empty skull
• Enlarged thymus

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20
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Diagnosis

A

RT-PCR
Isolation
Virus neutralisation and indirect IF

21
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Prevention and Immunity

A

Notifiable in Hungary
Banning on Dutch breed heifers
Ban on bovine semen and embryos from the Netherlands

22
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Species Affected

A

Ruminants
Humans —> Zoonotic
100% mortality in young ruminants, dog puppies, kittens
Severe disease, abortion and death in sheep, cattle, goat and human
Severe disease and abortion in monkey, camel, rat and squirrel
Resistance in rabbit, swine, certain rodents, birds

23
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Most susceptible

A

Young animals

24
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Occurrence

A

Geographic Disease!

Primarily restricted to Africa and Arabian countries next to Africa

25
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Spread

A

Primary vectors: Aedes mosquitos
• Germinative transmission
• Eggs survive for years
• Large scale hatching after heavy rainfall —> huge, infected mosquito population
• Seasonal infection Secondary vectors: Culex and Anophelers mosquitos, sandflies, blackflies, midges
Mosquitos in Europe are able to transfer the disease
Can also be transmitted by direct contact with tissues
and body fluids of infected animals, aborted foetuses,
slaughtering and dissections
Indirect transmission —> airborne infection
Rare Human to Human transmission

26
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Clinical Signs

A 
Sheep and Goat:
• Incubation period of under 3 days
• 5-100% of infected animals will abort during any stage of pregnancy
• Sudden death
• Diarrhoea, icterus
• Mucopurulent nasal discharge
• Subclinical infections can also occur
• Lambs, kids:
• High fever, depression anorexia
• Death within 12-48 hours
• Under 1 week of age: > 90% lethality
• Over 2 weeks of age: 20% lethality
Cattle:
• Fever, weakness, anorexia, salivation, diarrhoea, icterus
• Abortions in up to 100% of cases
• Lethality : 10%
• Calves:
• Similar to lambs
• 10-70% lethality
Humans:
• Incubation period of 2-6 days
• Average mortality of 1%
• Subclinical or influenza-like symptoms
• Headaches, fever, vascular pain, nausea, vomiting
• Recovery after 3-7 days
• Retinopathy:
• 1-3 weeks after acute symptoms
• Conjunctivitis, photphobia
• May lead to blindness
• Hemorrhagic fever:
• 2-4 days after febrile phase
• Melena, haematemesis, petechia, icterus, shock, coma
• 50% lethality
• Encephalitis:
• 1-3 weeks after acute phase
• Sometimes together with hemorrhagic fever
• Meningitis and encephalitis —> heavy incoordination and swelling
27
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Pathology / Histopathology

A

Necrotic hepatitis —> enlarged, yellow, friable liver
Petechial haemorrhages in visceral organs and on mucosal surfaces due to blood clotting
Hemorrhagic enteritis in large intestins
Hydrothorax and Ascites

28
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Diagnosis

A

Virus isolation
RT-PCR
Serology: ELISA
Disease is notifiable!

29
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Treatment

A

Humans:
Symptomatic and supportive therapy
Provide coagulation factors
Ribavirin may have beneficial effect

30
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Prevention and Immunity

A

Vaccination only allowed in endemic regions
• Mouse-Brain attenuated vaccine is foe to pathogenic
• Cell-culture attenuated vaccine induces short
protection
• Consider maternal antibody protection of the lambs/
calves
• Repeated vaccination with inactivated vaccine —>
protection for 1 year
Arthropod control
Personal protection (protective garments, gloves)
Prevent introduction of disease free countries:
• Quarantine, serological investigations
• Tourists

31
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Species Affected

A

Sheep
In local breed milder disease
Humans —> Zoonoitc

32
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Occurrence

A

Middle and East Africa

33
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Spread

A

Via Rhipicephalus

appendiculatus tick —> carries virus for years

34
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Pathogenesis

A

Injected directly in circulation —> viraemia —> spreads everywhere

35
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Clinical Signs

A 
Incubation period of 4-15 days
Fever, dyspnoea, depression, mucoprurulent
nasal discharge, respiratory symptoms
Hemorrhagic enteritis
Abortion, oedema of genitals 
Shock
Death (up to70-90% mortality)
Humans: mild fever and generalised symptoms, mild respiratory signs
36
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Pathology / Histopathology

A 
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Haemorrhages in heart
Enlarged liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes
Full gall bladder
Hyperaemic genitals
37
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Diagnosis

A

Occurence, clinical signs and
PM lesions
Virus isolation, RT-PCR, IF, AGID
VN

38
Q

Nairobi Sheep Disease

Prevention and Immunity

A

Tick control
Vaccination in endemic areas:
• Attenuated, residual
virulence, risk of reversion

39
Q

Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever

Species Affected

A

Humans

40
Q

Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever

Occurrence

A

Asia and Africa

41
Q

Crimean-Congo
Hemorrhagic Fever

Clinical Signs

A

Haemorrhages under skin, rash

Nephritis

42
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Species Affected

A

Humans

43
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Spread

A

Rodent reservoir

Tick borne

44
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Clinical Signs

A

Influenza-like symptoms

Proteinuria

45
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Pathology / Histopathology

A

Peritoneal oedema, myocardial haemorrhage
Hyperaemic kidneys with haemorrhages and necrosis
Haemorrhages and necrosis in frontal hypophysis

46
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Diagnosis

A

RT-PCR
Virus isolation
Serology: ELISA, IF

47
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Treatment

A

Symptomatic treatment

48
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with
Renal Syndrome

Prevention and Immunity

A

Stamping out of infected pet rodents
Control of breeders
Avoid contact with wild rodents

Epidemiology (16 decks)

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