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Bunyaviral diseases Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Akabane Disease

Species Affected

A

Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat)

Several other mammalian species

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2
Q

Akabane Disease

Occurrence

A

Tropics

Japan, South East Asia, Africa, Australia, Turkey

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3
Q

Akabane Disease

Spread

A

Mosquito borne

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4
Q

Akabane Disease

Clinical Signs

A

In ruminants:
• Abortion, miscarriage, premature birth
• Foetal arthrogryposis, hydrancephaly, muscle dystrophy

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5
Q

Akabane Disease

Diagnosis

A

Virus isolation
RT-PCR
Serology: VN, ELISA, IF

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6
Q

Akabane Disease

Prevention and Immunity

A

In enzootic regions: Attenuated and inactivated vaccines

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7
Q

Aino Virus

Species Affected

A

Cattle and Sheep

Also goats, buffalo, wild ruminants and humans

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8
Q

Aino Virus

Occurrence

A

Tropics
Asia and Australia
Also Japan

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9
Q

Aino Virus

Spread

A

Mosquito and Gnat borne

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10
Q

Aino Virus

Clinical Signs

A

Congenital malformation and birth defects in calves, infected in utero between the 120-180 days of pregnancy
• Arthrogryposis, scoliosis, sunken eyes, cataracts, dental irregularities, hydrancephaly, cerebellar symptoms
• Weakness, blindness, poor eyesight, neurological symptoms (ataxia, torticollosis, tetany, paresis, opisthotonus circling etc
No signs in adults, dairy cows have sudden astasia and leukopenia
Stillbirths, premature delivery

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11
Q

Aino Virus

Prevention and Immunity

A

Inactivated combined vaccine in Japan

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12
Q

Shamonda Virus

Species Affected

A

No direct evidence for pathogenicity in animals and humans

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13
Q

Shamonda Virus

Occurrence

A

Tropics

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14
Q

Shamonda Virus

Spread

A

Arthropod borne

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15
Q

Shamonda Virus

Clinical Signs

A

Seropositivity in colostrum free calves with

arthrogryposis and hydrancephaly

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16
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Species Affected

A

Ruminants (sheep, cattle, goats)

Potentially zoonotic

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17
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Occurrence

A

Europe

Germany, Netherlands

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18
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Spread

A

By Cuilcoides midge

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19
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Clinical Signs

A

Clinical manifestation only seen in
pregnant animals —> adult signs show few/no CS
Pregnant animals: virus spreads to developing foetus —> attacks brain and spinal cord —> damage to CNS and congenital deformities
Cattle:
• Fever (40.5℃)
• Anorexia, Diarrhoea
• Loss of condition and drop in milk production by 50%
• Congenital malformations are rare
Sheep:
• Fever (40.5℃)
• Congenital disorders very characteristic:
• Abortion, stillbirth, premature birth
• Lambs are sometimes born alive but not viable
• Malformation of limbs (torsion) and scoliosis (humpy back), ankylosis (bent spine), brachygnathia inferior
• Cerebellar hypoplasia, aplasia —> empty skull
• Enlarged thymus

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20
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Diagnosis

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A

RT-PCR
Isolation
Virus neutralisation and indirect IF

21
Q

Schmallenberg Virus

Prevention and Immunity

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A

Notifiable in Hungary
Banning on Dutch breed heifers
Ban on bovine semen and embryos from the Netherlands

22
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Species Affected

Study These Flashcards
A

Ruminants
Humans —> Zoonotic
100% mortality in young ruminants, dog puppies, kittens
Severe disease, abortion and death in sheep, cattle, goat and human
Severe disease and abortion in monkey, camel, rat and squirrel
Resistance in rabbit, swine, certain rodents, birds

23
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Most susceptible

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A

Young animals

24
Q

Rift Valley Fever

Occurrence

Study These Flashcards
A

Geographic Disease!

Primarily restricted to Africa and Arabian countries next to Africa

25
Rift Valley Fever Spread
Primary vectors: Aedes mosquitos • Germinative transmission • Eggs survive for years • Large scale hatching after heavy rainfall —> huge, infected mosquito population • Seasonal infection Secondary vectors: Culex and Anophelers mosquitos, sandflies, blackflies, midges Mosquitos in Europe are able to transfer the disease Can also be transmitted by direct contact with tissues and body fluids of infected animals, aborted foetuses, slaughtering and dissections Indirect transmission —> airborne infection Rare Human to Human transmission
26
Rift Valley Fever Clinical Signs
``` Sheep and Goat: • Incubation period of under 3 days • 5-100% of infected animals will abort during any stage of pregnancy • Sudden death • Diarrhoea, icterus • Mucopurulent nasal discharge • Subclinical infections can also occur • Lambs, kids: • High fever, depression anorexia • Death within 12-48 hours • Under 1 week of age: > 90% lethality • Over 2 weeks of age: 20% lethality Cattle: • Fever, weakness, anorexia, salivation, diarrhoea, icterus • Abortions in up to 100% of cases • Lethality : 10% • Calves: • Similar to lambs • 10-70% lethality Humans: • Incubation period of 2-6 days • Average mortality of 1% • Subclinical or influenza-like symptoms • Headaches, fever, vascular pain, nausea, vomiting • Recovery after 3-7 days • Retinopathy: • 1-3 weeks after acute symptoms • Conjunctivitis, photphobia • May lead to blindness • Hemorrhagic fever: • 2-4 days after febrile phase • Melena, haematemesis, petechia, icterus, shock, coma • 50% lethality • Encephalitis: • 1-3 weeks after acute phase • Sometimes together with hemorrhagic fever • Meningitis and encephalitis —> heavy incoordination and swelling ```
27
Rift Valley Fever Pathology / Histopathology
Necrotic hepatitis —> enlarged, yellow, friable liver Petechial haemorrhages in visceral organs and on mucosal surfaces due to blood clotting Hemorrhagic enteritis in large intestins Hydrothorax and Ascites
28
Rift Valley Fever Diagnosis
Virus isolation RT-PCR Serology: ELISA Disease is notifiable!
29
Rift Valley Fever Treatment
Humans: Symptomatic and supportive therapy Provide coagulation factors Ribavirin may have beneficial effect
30
Rift Valley Fever Prevention and Immunity
Vaccination only allowed in endemic regions • Mouse-Brain attenuated vaccine is foe to pathogenic • Cell-culture attenuated vaccine induces short protection • Consider maternal antibody protection of the lambs/ calves • Repeated vaccination with inactivated vaccine —> protection for 1 year Arthropod control Personal protection (protective garments, gloves) Prevent introduction of disease free countries: • Quarantine, serological investigations • Tourists
31
Nairobi Sheep Disease Species Affected
Sheep In local breed milder disease Humans —> Zoonoitc
32
Nairobi Sheep Disease Occurrence
Middle and East Africa
33
Nairobi Sheep Disease Spread
Via Rhipicephalus | appendiculatus tick —> carries virus for years
34
Nairobi Sheep Disease Pathogenesis
Injected directly in circulation —> viraemia —> spreads everywhere
35
Nairobi Sheep Disease Clinical Signs
``` Incubation period of 4-15 days Fever, dyspnoea, depression, mucoprurulent nasal discharge, respiratory symptoms Hemorrhagic enteritis Abortion, oedema of genitals Shock Death (up to70-90% mortality) Humans: mild fever and generalised symptoms, mild respiratory signs ```
36
Nairobi Sheep Disease Pathology / Histopathology
``` Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Haemorrhages in heart Enlarged liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes Full gall bladder Hyperaemic genitals ```
37
Nairobi Sheep Disease Diagnosis
Occurence, clinical signs and PM lesions Virus isolation, RT-PCR, IF, AGID VN
38
Nairobi Sheep Disease Prevention and Immunity
Tick control Vaccination in endemic areas: • Attenuated, residual virulence, risk of reversion
39
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Species Affected
Humans
40
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Occurrence
Asia and Africa
41
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Clinical Signs
Haemorrhages under skin, rash | Nephritis
42
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Species Affected
Humans
43
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Spread
Rodent reservoir | Tick borne
44
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Clinical Signs
Influenza-like symptoms | Proteinuria
45
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Pathology / Histopathology
Peritoneal oedema, myocardial haemorrhage Hyperaemic kidneys with haemorrhages and necrosis Haemorrhages and necrosis in frontal hypophysis
46
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Diagnosis
RT-PCR Virus isolation Serology: ELISA, IF
47
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Treatment
Symptomatic treatment
48
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Prevention and Immunity
Stamping out of infected pet rodents Control of breeders Avoid contact with wild rodents

Epidemiology (16 decks)

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