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Epidemiology > Poxvirus > Flashcards

Poxvirus Flashcards

1
Q

Cowpox

Species Affected

A

Cattle
Hu- most freq. by cat/rodent
rodents are reservior,

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2
Q

Cowpox

Spread

A

via contact through skin lesion

Zoonotic!

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3
Q

Cowpox

Clinical signs

A

*Hu- Milker’s nodules, udder, replicates in skin black crusts, long lasting immunity, face& hands
*Ru: mild fever, nodules on teats, scrotum and mouth
*Fe: mainly in head& limbs
Zoonotic!

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4
Q

Cowpox

Target Organs

A

Skin
3-7d incubation
Zoonotic!

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5
Q

Cowpox

Histopathology

A

Histopathology: Guarnieri bodies

Zoonotic!

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6
Q

Cowpox

Treatment

A

Symptomatic treatments
Antibiotic treatment
Zoonotic!

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7
Q

Cowpox

Immunisation

A

Vaccine for cats

Zoonotic!

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8
Q

Camelpox

Clinical signs

A
  • Generalised infection, Severe skin lesions, pneumonia, blindness
  • In young animals: up to 25% mortality
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9
Q

Buffalopox

Clinical signs

A

Skin lesions on the cheeks, udder, scrotum

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10
Q

Mousepox / Ectromelia

Clinical signs

A
  • Generalised disease with high mortality
  • Skin erosions, loss of extremities
  • Subclinical infections in enzootic populations
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11
Q

Smallpox / Variola vera

A
  • Humans, No animal reservoirs
  • Especially children
  • skin lesions, pneumonia, generalized no SC
  • vaccine: mutant cowpox - stopped since eradication
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12
Q

Horsepox

A

Mild lesions, nodules on the muzzles and on the head

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13
Q

Pseudocowpox

Species Affected

A

Cattle & Humans

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14
Q

Pseudocowpox

Spread

A

infected animal, quick spread, indirect transmission via milking machine

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15
Q

Pseudocowpox

Clinical signs

A

mild

  • Cow :Teat: red skin papules but no vesicles, painful (impossible to milk), horse shoe remained scar
  • Hu: Milker’s nodules
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16
Q

Pseudocowpox

Immunisation

A

No vaccine
No long immunity —> recurrent signs, outbreaks

1w incubation

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17
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Species affected

A
  • Cattle and Humans

* ZOONOTIC

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18
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Most susceptible

A

*Cattle <1 year of age

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19
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Occurrence

A

Worldwide

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20
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Spread

A

*Introduction to the herd via an infected animal
Direct or indirect contact
*Most frequently in spring and early summer
*Severity of incidence is affected by host weakening factors (eg mycotoxicosis)

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21
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Pathogenesis

A

*No long immunity —> recurrent
signs, outbreaks
*Lesions may persist for 3-4 months

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22
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Clinical signs

A
  • Usually mild —> lesions on the oral cavity, increased salivation, mild fever
  • May be some difficulty eating —> may cause condition loss
  • Lesions around external nares and oral cavity: gums, lips, nose —> red skin, tough, merging nodules, erosions —> round areas of congestion, later becoming necrotic in the centre and slightly depressed
  • Rarely nodule formation on the udder of cows
  • Usually heals spontaneously
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23
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs and Histopathology: Guarnieri bodies
Virus isolation
PCR
Serology (ELISA)

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24
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Treatment

A

*Symptomatic treatment

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25
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis

Prevention and immunity

A
  • General management —>exclude weakening environmental factors
  • No vaccine!
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26
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Species affected

A
  • Sheep and Goat

* Humans–>Zoonotic!

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27
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Most susceptible

A

*All age groups, especially Suckling lambs and kids (100% morbidity)

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28
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Occurrence

A

worldwide

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29
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Spread

A

Introduction to the herd with sub clinically infected animals and fomites

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30
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Pathogenesis

A
  • Infection through skin, oral mucosa —> oral lesions

* No long immunity —> recurrent signs, outbreaks

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31
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Primary replication

A

Incubation time of 3-9 days

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32
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Clinical signs

A
  • Lips, muzzle, tongue, gums: papules, scbs —> painful to eat!
  • Teat lesions on ewe: painful —> the ewe does not let the lamb suckle
  • Lesions on the reproductive mucosa: reproductive problems, no mating
  • Lesions on limbs: lameness, complications with contagious with low (secondary infections)
  • Economic losses of the herd
  • Recovery within 4-6 weeks, without scars
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33
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Diagnosis

A 
Clinical signs and
Histopathology: Guarnieri bodies
Virus isolation
PCR
Serology (ELISA)
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34
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Treatment

A

*Rinsing the mucosal surfaces with disinfectants, used of epithetizes
Remove scabs
*Local and systemic antibiotic therapy
*Virulent vaccine (live vaccine)
• Used in emergence, outbreak of infected close farms
• Vaccine causes skin scarification (no shedding) —> inject it in the inner thigh or ventral to the tail
• Giving nothing po will not hinder feeding —> no economic losses
• Recovery within 3 weeks, protection for 6 months
• Careful when vaccinating as the vaccine is zoonotic to humans!

35
Q

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis of sheep and goat

Prevention and immunity

A

*Closed farming, testing of new entries and quarantine
*No selling from infected flocks—> relapsing signs due to travelling stress!
*In enzootic herds some maternal immunity to the newborns
*Virulent vaccine (live vaccine)
• Vaccinate ewes 6-8 weeks before parturition
• Vaccinate lambs at 2-3 days old and at 3 months old
*Mildly attenuated vaccine
• Skin scarification
• Vaccinate lamb/kid at 2 days old, repeat at 2 weeks old, at 3 months old and in every 6 months after that

36
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Species affected

A

*Sheep and Goat

ZOONOTIC and NOTIFIABLE

37
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Most susceptible

A

Lambs/kids

Immunosuppressed adults

38
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Occurrence

A
  • Enzootic in Africa, Middle East, Asia
  • Occasionally in Southern Europe
  • Australia, America free
39
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Spread

A
  • Typically airborne infection from wool, skin and fomites

* Quicker spread in stables than in pastures

40
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Pathogenesis

A

*Airborne infection —> Viraemia —> Visceral organs:
• Lungs, airways, stomach, kidney: proliferative foci
• Skin: pox nodules, no vesicles
• Pregnant ewes: abortion, delivery of ill foetus
*After recovery: long term immunity, maternal immunity in offspring
*Virus is shed by discharges, milk, crusts in acute stage

41
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Primary replication

A
  • Respiratory mucosa

* Incubation time of 1 week

42
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Clinical signs

A
  • Fever, general signs, conjunctivitis, serous nasal discharge
  • Lambs/kids and weak adults may die during acute stage
  • Nodules on skin within 1-2 days —> all around the body
  • Respiratory signs, pneumonia with bacterial complications
  • Condition loss, wool damages, milk production decrease
  • Mortality: lamb/kid 70-80%; adults 5-10%
43
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Pathology and histology

A
  • Skin, lung, kidney: lymphoma-like proliferative foci
  • Airways, enteric mucosa: nodules, erosions
  • Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies —> Guarnieri bodies
44
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Diagnosis

A 
Clinical signs, lesions are diagnostic and characteristic but since disease is notifiable further tests are needed!
Histopathology
Virus isolation
PCR
Serology (ELISA
45
Q

Sheeppox and Goatpox

Prevention and immunity

A

*Enzootic areas: attenuated vaccination given sc, 1-2 years protection
*Free areas:
• Avoid introductions (restrictions on imports)
• Emergence —> sanitary prophylaxis: destruction of all infected and exposed animals

46
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Species affected

A
  • Ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, giraffe, impala etc)
  • ZOONOTIC and NOTIFIABLE
47
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Occurrence

A
  • Enzootic in Africa

* Outbreaks in Middle East and Asia

48
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Spread

A
  • Mechanically vectored by arthropods (mosquitos, flies)

* Direct contact, saliva contaminated feed

49
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Pathogenesis

A
  • Bite Infection
  • Generalised in some animals
  • After recovery, long term immunity; maternal protection for 6 months
50
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Primary replication

A
  • Entry site —> Insect bite

* Incubation time of 1-5 weeks

51
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Clinical signs

A

*Local infection: Nodules in the skin
• Fever (even >41℃), general signs, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, salivation
• Decreasing milk production
• Painful, deep, 2-5cm well demarcated nodules on the skin:
• In the head, neck, udder, inguinal areas
• Present in all layers of the skin
• After 2 weeks: necrotic nodules —> fall out —> deep ulceration —> scars or secondary bacterial infections
• Enlarged lymph nodes, limb oedema
*Generalised infections:
• Nodules on the mucosal surfaces: mouth, enteric tract, trachea, lungs
• Ocular lesions: nodules, mucopurulent discharge, keratitis
• Abortion, skin lesions in new-borns
• Body condition loss, milk loss, skin useless for leather production
• High morbidity, low mortality

52
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Diagnosis

A 
Clinical signs, lesions are diagnostic and characteristic but since disease is notifiable further tests are needed!
Histopathology
Virus isolation
PCR
Serology (ELISA, not reliable!)
53
Q

Lumpy skin disease

Prevention and immunity

A 
*Enzootic areas:
• Attenuated vaccine
• Recombinant vaccine
• Scarification, long-lasting immunity
• Arthropod control, use of repellants
*Free areas:
• Avoid introduction (restriction on imports)
• Emergence —> sanitary prophylaxis: destruction of all infected and exposed animals, arthropod control, emergency vaccination in 50km radius
54
Q

Swinepox

Species affected

A

Pigs

Stonexen!

55
Q

Swinepox

Most susceptible

A

All age groups, especially 2-8 week old piglets

56
Q

Swinepox

Occurrence

A

*Worldwide
*In not well managed stocks, usually among traditional conditions (were the pigs are left out in the pasture)
Rare in industrial flock

57
Q

Swinepox

Spread

A

*Mechanical vectors: lice, fleas —> pigs with long hair are prone to disease since lice will prefer long haired animals —> Hungarian Mangalica!
By direct contact to skin lesions in poor keeping conditions

58
Q

Swinepox

Pathogenesis

A
  • Bite infection

* After convalescence, long term immunity; maternal protection

59
Q

Swinepox

Primary replication

A
  • Entry site —> Insect bite

* Incubation time of 1-3 weeks

60
Q

Swinepox

Clinical signs

A

*2-8 week old piglets:
• Usually benign, but may cause mortality
• In the beginning —> fever, inappetence, dullness —> followed by general signs (lesions around the body)
• Skin suffusions, red dots —> pox nodules (ears, belly, legs etc)
• Wet nodules —> pustules —> scabs (within 1 week of disease)
• Inner ear lesions —> meningitis
• Long lasting illness, lesions in different stages, bacterial complications
*In adult piglets:
• Mild or subclinical infection

61
Q

Swinepox

Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs and
Histopathology: Guarnieri bodies
Virus isolation is difficult!
PCR

62
Q

Swinepox

Treatment

A

Symptomatic treatments

Antibiotic treatment

63
Q

Swinepox

Prevention and immunity

A

*General epidemiological rules:
• Management, hygiene, ectoparasite treatment
*No vaccine!

64
Q

Myxomatosis

Species affected

A 
Rabbits
Natural hosts:
Sylvilagus minensis,
S.brasilensis,
S.bachman
65
Q

Myxomatosis

Most susceptible

A

*All age groups
*Domestic rabbits
European rabbit
*Cotton tailed rabbits—> subclinical infection
*European hare —> not usually susceptible

66
Q

Myxomatosis

Occurrence

A

Worldwide

European and Asian virus has a different antigenic structure and can be transmitted orally

67
Q

Myxomatosis

Spread

A
  • Mechanical vectors: lice, fleas, flies —> can carry the disease for months
  • Seasonality: autumn —> epizootic in few-year intervals
  • Direct and iatrogenic transmission may occur
68
Q

Myxomatosis

Pathogenesis

A

*Bite Infection:
• Day 1: Oedema at the site of entry (most likely ear skin)
• Day 2: Virus in lymph nodes
• Day 3 : Viraemia —> blood vessel damages —> virus in liver and spleen
• Day 4:Virus in other organs and tissues
• Day 5: Blepharoconjunctivitis
• Day 6: Onset of clinical signs (generalised skin, mucosa)
• Day 8-9: Typical signs with tumour-like regions
• Day 10: Death because of the capillary endothelial proliferation
Recovery by lysis of myxoma cells

69
Q

Myxomatosis

Primary replication

A
  • Entry site —> Insect bite and surrounding lymph nodes

* Incubation time of 6-7 day

70
Q

Myxomatosis

Clinical signs

A

*Typical form:
• Gelatinous swellings especially in the head—> Lion head: eyelids, nose, lips and ears become oedematous to give a swollen head
• Cold-like signs —> Purulent nasal discharge, laboured breathing —>pneumonia
*Nodular form:
• Firm nodules, benign
• Develop on nose, ears and forefeet
*Conjunctival/respiratory/atypical form:
• Cold-like signs with no or mild swellings
Mortalities are seen after 1 week of illness

71
Q

Myxomatosis

Pathology and Histopathology

A

*Typical form:
• Tumour-like tissue with subcutaneous tissue proliferations, wet surface
• Hydropic degeneration and vacuolisation in the cell with cytoplasmic inclusions
• Epithelial necrosis, corium oedema, proliferation of mesenchymal cells
• Lymph nodes, spleen: reticulum cell hyperplasia, lymphocytes damages

72
Q

Myxomatosis

Diagnosis

A 
Typical form:
• Clinical signs and Pathology
Atypical form:
• Histopathology: Guarnieri bodies
• Virus isolation
• PCR
73
Q

Myxomatosis

Prevention and immunity

A

*Sanitary prophylaxis:
• Closed farming
• Mosquito nets and arthropod control
*Outbreaks control:
• Movement restrictions
• Slaughter of affected animals
• Vaccinations in protection zone
*Vaccinations:
• Shope (hare) fibroma virus heterologous vaccine —> from 3 weeks of age, protects for 3-6 months
• Attenuated myxoma virus vaccine —> from 5 weeks of age, protects fro 1 year; vaccinate in early summer s.c.
• Recombinant vaccine —> RHDV surface antigens in myxoma virus vector

74
Q

Fowlpox

Species affected

A

*A lot of bird species—> relative species
adaptation of the viruses
*Serological cross reactions —> partial cross protection!

75
Q

Fowlpox

Most susceptible

A

*All age groups
*Diphtheric/Wet form: Mainly in chicken, in turkey less severe, in pigeons rare and in pheasants respiratory
signs only
*Canary and Parrots are likely to have the Acute Septicaemic form
*A-hypovitaminoses and other weakening factors may predispose
*Most industrial flocks are immunised at the first weeks of age —> mostly seen in private/ backyard chickens

76
Q

Fowlpox

Occurrence

A

Worldwide

77
Q

Fowlpox

Spread

A
  • Introduction of virus via a carrier bird
  • Wild birds play an important role
  • Direct contact with faeces, food, drinking water, fomites
  • Mechanical vectors: mosquitos, soft ticks —> can carry the disease for weeks
78
Q

Fowlpox

Pathogenesis

A

*PO/Airborne/Through skin lesions
*Infection:
• (1) Homologous strains:
• Primary viraemia —> generalisation —> multiplication in visceral organs (can be fatal) —> secondary viraemia —> replication in skin and mucosal surface epithelia, flourishing (papules —> vesicles —> crusts —> scars)
•(2) Heterologous strains:
• Primary replication —> Local skin lesions
• (3)Intermediate/transient strains:
• Primary replication and viraemia but no secondary replication in visceral organs!

79
Q

Fowlpox

Primary replication

A

Entry site

*Incubation period of 4-10 days; in canary it is shorter

80
Q

Fowlpox

Clinical signs

A

*Cutaneous form
• Less severe and benign, mortality is low
• Usually on featherless skin (combs, eyelids, around the back, cloaca, legs); broiler —> all around the skin
• Firm nodules —> soften within 5-6 days and merge —> pastures —> scabs within 1-2 weeks —> scars (transient lesions)
• Condition losses, decreased egg production, mycoplasmosis activation
*Diphtheric or Wet form:
• Malignant and severe, high mortality
• Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea mucosal lesions
• Alterations on the lungs and mucous membranes –> pustules, nodules, sometimes fibrin plaques
• General signs with fever, respiratory signs
• Shady mucosal surfaces, greyish-yellowish diphteric membranes
• secondary infections may occur
• Conjunctivitis, uveitis, sinusitis
*Mixed form:
• Cutaneous and Diphtheric
• Diverse severity
*Acute septicaemic form:
• Mortality without pox lesions —> mainly in canary
• Parrots —> rarely conjunctivitis, blepharitis, diarrhoea, respiratory signs, head skin ulcers

81
Q

Fowlpox

Pathology and histopathology

A

Diphtheric form:
• Proliferative nodules at the larynx —> May be obstructive
• Tracheitis, diphtheric membranes
• Body condition loss, degeneration of visceral organs, pulmonary oedema, enteritis
• Epithel-proliferation, oedema, cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

82
Q

Fowlpox

Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs and
Histopathology: Guarnieri bodies
Virus isolation
PCR

83
Q

Fowlpox

Treatment

A

Antibiotic treatment against coinfections, especially mycoplasma

84
Q

Fowlpox

Prevention and immunity

A

*Avoid introduction:
• Closed farming, quarantine, exclude wild birds
• Arthropod control
*Vaccinations:
• (1)Live attenuated fowlpox virus vaccines —-> chicken, turkey and pheasant
• Inject in skin of wing for chicken and pheasants, inject in skin of neck for turkeys; check after 1 week
• Usually at 3 months of age, sometimes younger (6-8 weeks old) —> repeat 2 months before laying period
•(2) Attenuated pigeonpox vaccine —> pigeon
• Inject in skin of the wing or rub into feather follicles

Epidemiology (16 decks)

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