Can we intervene in processes through pharmacological means?

Question 1

What does AMPK stand for?

Answer 1

AMP-activated protein kinase

Question 2

What can be used to stimulate AMPK activity?

Answer 2

AICAR

Question 3

What does AICAR do?

Answer 3

Stimulates mitochondrial respiration via AMPK but not in PGC-1a KO cells

Question 4

What dies PGC-1a protein stimulate in muscle cells?

Answer 4

PGC-1a promoter

Question 5

What stimulates are thought to mimic exercise?

Answer 5

-AICAR
-SR9009
-GW501516
-NR
-Resveratrol
-GSK4716

Question 6

How can we manipulate the expression of a gene that we want to understand the specific role of under endurance exercise?

Answer 6

Transgenic protocols

Question 7

What are the benefits of increased PPARd?

Answer 7

-Benefits to fat metabolism - greater fat oxidation
-high myoglobin content
-Exercise function (time to exhaustion is longer)
-Greater conversion to T1 fibres associated with mitochondrial biogenesis

Question 8

In the PPARd transgenic mice (Wang et al, 2004), what reduced?

Answer 8

Transgenic mice did not put on as much body weight

Question 9

What can an increase in body weight as a result of high fat feeding lead to?

Answer 9

a reduction in insulin sensitivity

Question 10

What is a pharmacological PPARd activator?

Answer 10

GW

Question 11

What do you see if you combine exercise and GW?

Answer 11

-Conversion to T1 muscle fibres associates with an increase in mitochondrial DNA content

Question 12

What phenotype is improved when we activate PPARd in trained individuals?

Answer 12

Endurance phenotype

Question 13

When are gene changes especially pronounced via PPARd?

Answer 13

when endurance exercise is combined with PPARd activator

Question 14

What is pronounced with drug treatment?

Answer 14

Fat metabolism

Question 15

What do we see if we combine the activators of PPARd and AMPK?

Answer 15

A strong increase in gene associated with fat metabolism