Week 9- Part 3 + 4 Endurance Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is transgenesis/ gene editing?
When a gene is suspected to be important, it can be removed and modify the genome to provide information on that gene in the phenotype
What is PHC-1a?
Transcriptional co-activator
How can we learn more about genes?
Add tags to the gene
What do people with brown adipose have an increase of?
UCP1 (proton channels)
What does Oligomycin do?
Shuts down the activity of ATPsynthase to give us an idea of how much UCP1 we have in that cell
What does FCCP do?
takes the breaks off respiration, allowing protons to flood into the mitochondrial matrix, telling us the total respiratory capacity of that cell
What does PGC-1a expression increase?
Mitochondrial respiration and content in the muscle cells
What role does PGC-1a have within mitochondrial biogenesis?
Master regulator- without it you can’t increase mitochondria
What does the increase in PGC-1a cause?
-increase in mitochondria
-increase in respiration
-increase in total respiratory capacity
What enzymes does PGC-1a increase?
enzymes for fatty acid oxidation and transport, oxidative phosphorylation, carb metabolism and TCA cycle
What are the 3 processes of PGC-1a activation in skeletal muscle?
1- increase in PGC-1a transcription (initiator)
2- increase in PGC-1a nuclear abundance (increase function)
3- increase in PTM of PGC-1a (increase stability and function)
What does electro-gene transfer allow for?
a specific gene to be studied in skeletal muscle
What occurs to PGC-1a after the stimulation of a muscle?
It increases
What happens to PGC-1a following the deletion of MEF2 or CRE/ATF2?
Blocks the induction of PGC-1a
Where in the cell can the transcription of PGC-1a only occur?
in the nucleus
What did Wright et al (2007) find exercise increases?
PGC-1a nuclear protein content
What is the pivotal first step in initiating mitochondrial biogenesis?
PGC-1a translocation
What did Little et al (2011) discover?
An acute bout of high intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1a and activates the mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle.
-mRNA expression increase
-no acute change in total protein content outside the nucleus (as PGC-1a is transcribed within the nucleus)
What can phosphorylation do to a protein?
Change its function
What has AMPK been proposed as?
A key energy sensing mechanism in skeletal muscle
How many subunits does AMPK consist of? and what do then do?
3
-alpha
-beta
-gamma
-regulate an aspect of its kinase function
What activates AMPK?
The breakdown of AMP
What is AMPK highly sensitive to?
intensity of endurance exercise in human skeletal muscle
-increase in intensity = increase in AMPK activity
What increases in transgenic mice where AMPK activity is increased?
-increase mitochondrial density
-AMPK stimulation is higher
-Increase in mRNA
-Many markers of mitochondria
-More mitochondria and they are working harder due to the heightened AMPK
