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Metabolic perspectives and nutrition exam > Metabolic basis of the resistance training phenotype > Flashcards

Metabolic basis of the resistance training phenotype Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different penetration angle arrangements of the fascicles/myofibers in skeletal muscle?

A
  • Fusiform
  • Uni-pennate
  • Bi-pennate
  • Multi-pennate
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2
Q

What type of myofibers are identified in the cross-section of mouse plantaris muscle using immunochemistry?

A
  • Type IIA
  • Type IIB
    (and laminin for the endomysium)
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3
Q

What does the electron microscopy reveal in the cross-section of mouse plantaris muscle?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibrils and mitochondria between the myofibrils

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4
Q

What does the skeletal muscle display a lot of?

A

Plasticity

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5
Q

What does the lengthening of muscle or cross sectional area result in?

A

growth of the muscle

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6
Q

What is the effect of stretch overload on rat soleus muscle length?

A

> 20% increase in rat soleus muscle length- cannot change the length of muscles in humans
(Aoki et al, 2009)

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7
Q

Where in the muscle is growth smaller?

A

Distal and Proximal ends

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8
Q

What contributes to the increase in cross-sectional area of the muscle?

A

-longitudinal growth
-radical growth

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9
Q

What are the possible mechanisms for radical growth of muscle fascicles?

A
  • Myofiber hypertrophy
  • Myofiber splitting or hyperplasia
  • Longitudinal growth of myofibers that exhibit intra-fascicular terminations
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10
Q

How do the fibres act that drives muscle hypertrophy?

A

fibres extend their length and start to overlap, muscle becomes much thicker

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11
Q

What is hyperplasia in the context of muscle fibers?

A

Addition of new fibres

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12
Q

What causes fibre splitting?

A

influx of osmotic metabolites

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13
Q

What power lifters have more split fibres?

A

Power lifters on steroids
(Erikson et al, 2006)

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14
Q

What happens to fibres with an increase in resistance training in rats?

A

increase in fibres
(Tamaki et al, 1992)

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15
Q

What is sarcoplasmic hypertrophy?

A

The expansion of non-contractile elements of myofibers

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16
Q

What occurs rapidly in response to stretch overload in rat soleus muscle?

A

the addition of new sacromeres in-series (Aoki et al, 2009)

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17
Q

When is specific tension persevered in fibres?

A

When the myofibers have experienced radical growth through mechanical loading.

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18
Q

Radical growth is not driven by sarcoplasmic hypertrophy. What is it driven by?

A

proportionate increase in force generating and non-force generating elements

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19
Q

What did Dankel et al, 2019, study within the meta-analysis?

A

The change in fast and slow twitch muscle fibres within 6 months of training in comparison to body builders (6/7 using steroids)

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20
Q

What did Dankel et al, 2019, find from his meta-analysis?

A

increase in T1 and T2 muscle fibres in both populations

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21
Q

What is the myofibrillar expansion cycle?

A

Begins with the deposition of new myofilaments around the periphery of pre-existing myofibrils and repeats as myofibrils reach a critical size and split into smaller daughter myofibrils and he daughter cells re-enter the cycle.

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22
Q

What role do satellite cells play in muscle hypertrophy?

A

Activated in response to exercise, increase in numbers, and are committed to producing new nuclei for muscle cells
(this is guided by proteins)

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23
Q

What are the crucial proteins for satellite cell differentiation in muscle cells?

A
  • MRF4
  • MYOGENIN
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24
Q

After high intensity exercise, there is high levels of muscle damage. Why are satellite cells critical to the muscle at this point?

A

-To reduce damage,
-reduce soreness,
-recover muscle power
-support repair of focal membrane damage (that surrounds the myofibers)

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25
Why do you need the addition of new myonuclei when the myonuclear domain is increasing?
metabolic function may become compromised
26
What did Agard et al, 2001, find within their 6 week training study?
-significant growth in quad cross sectional area -Type II muscle fibres contribute the most -Type I will grow to a degree but changes as a whole muscle level are primarily driven by Type II Cross sectional area increase
27
What is food consumption a stimulus for?
muscle protein synthesis
28
In humans, what is the main contributor to muscle growth?
changes in muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise
29
What is the process of protein synthesis?
mRNA sequence is converted to a new protein sequence (translation)
30
What is the anabolic window for protein acceptance in muscle after resistance training?
3 hours after resistance training
31
What are the 3 steps in protein translocation?
Initiation- binding of ribosomes to the mRNA Elongation- addition of amino acids to the protein chain Termination- removal of the ribosome and new protein from the mRNA sequence
32
What is mTOR?
Mammalian target of rapamycin, a protein that regulates cell growth and protein synthesis
33
What makes mTORC1 different to mTORC2?
It is rapamycin-sensitive and integral to controlling cell size
34
What does mTORC1 do? What is the process?
-respond to a physiological signal -increase in mTORC1 activation -increase protein synthesis rate and capacity
35
What does mTORC1 do to control cell size?
Regulates the rate and capacity of protein synthesis
36
When is mTORC1 activated?
When Rheb is bound to GTP (growth signals)
37
What does TSC2 activity increase?
the amount of Rheb in the GDP bound state therefore, inhibiting mTORC1- energy stress
38
What doe growth signals activate and therefore inhibit?
-Activate- PKB and p90RSK -Inhibit TSC2
39
What doe energy stress signals activate?
AMPK and TSC2
40
what do TSC2 and Rheb proteins allow for?
mTORC1 to respond or not to a physiological signal
41
What is mRNA translation?
the conversion of mRNA sequence into the peptide sequence by a ribosome
42
How did Drummond et al (2009) show that mTOR is crucial for exercise-induced muscle protein synthesis?
-8 young males -moderate intensity leg resistance exercise with administration of 12mg of rapamycin immediately post-exercise -7 control = no rapamycin -mixed-muscle protein synthesis rate increased by 40% from baseline during 2 hour post-exercise recovery in the control group -protein synthesis rate did not change in the exercise and rapamycin group
43
44
What is the size principle of motor unit recruitment?
Recruitment occurs from largest to smallest motor units depending on demands
45
What is the relationship between muscle fiber recruitment and mechanical loading?
Small to large motor units are recruited in response to increasing tension on the muscle
46
What factors can be manipulated in a resistance training program?
* Choice of exercise * Order of exercise * Training load * Training volume * Rest intervals * Repetition velocity * Training frequency * Time-under-tension/velocity * Muscle action
47
What is the effect of eccentric contractions on muscle protein synthesis?
Greater levels of protein synthesis compared to concentric contractions
48
Does blood lactate drive resistance exercise-induced muscle anabolism?
No, blood lactate is not an anabolic signaling molecule
49
What is the impact of long-term supplementation with α-ketoglutarate on muscle hypertrophy?
Significant gastrocnemius skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased markers of mTORC1 activity
50
What is the role of integrins in muscle growth?
Sensitize skeletal muscle to mechanical strain and subsequent growth
51
What is the significance of muscle fibre swelling after resistance exercise?
Change in thickness occurs, but evidence for muscle fibre swelling is limited
52
Is exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) a stimulus for muscle hypertrophy?
EIMD is a consequence of exercise but should not be the target for hypertrophy development
53
What is the main determinant over time of muscle hypertrophy?
Training volume
54
What type of muscle fibers typically increase in proportion after lower limb resistance training?
Type II fibers
55
What is the effect of resistance training on the total muscle fiber count?
Increased by 16% after training
56
What exercises are included in the RT regimen?
Hack squats, inclined leg press, isolated knee extension, hamstring curls, calf raises at 3-10RM ## Footnote RT stands for resistance training
57
What factor may affect fibre-type hypertrophy?
Manipulation of training variables
58
Which type of athletes typically display greater type I fibre cross-sectional area?
Bodybuilders
59
What is the training style of weight lifters?
Explosive
60
What is the training style of bodybuilders?
Moderate loads with many reps and sets
61
What happens to all muscle fibres when lifting for a larger number of reps x sets?
All muscle fibres are going to grow
62
What is the time-course of phenotypic adaptations to resistance training?
Strength and development is rapid due to neuronal adaptations
63
What precedes the development of muscle mass during resistance training?
Rapid plasticity with RT
64
Does muscle hypertrophy occur earlier with resistance training than most suggest?
Yes
65
What was the training load used for the knee extension exercise in the study?
75% of 1RM
66
What changes occurred in the trained leg after 6 weeks of resistance training?
Increases in strength and mass; early increases in MPS
67
What did the untrained leg show after the training period?
No increase in muscle mass
68
During which weeks did rates of synthesis show greater changes?
0-3 weeks
69
What role does early changes in muscle protein synthesis play?
Vital role in how muscle mass is adapted
70
What measurement was taken to assess integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis rates?
Muscle biopsies
71
What was correlated with hypertrophy at T2 and T3?
Integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis
72
What is the classic literature's assertion regarding muscle size?
Bigger muscle = stronger muscle
73
What did the study find about the relationship between strength and hypertrophy?
Variable relationship; strength developed in both arms even with one untrained
74
Where does greater hypertrophy appear to occur during resistance training?
Upper body muscles
75
What is noted about habitual loading of lower limbs?
Harder to achieve robust adaptation compared to upper limbs
76
What was observed regarding muscle hypertrophy with resistance training?
Some degree of plateau after a period of training
77
How does training status affect muscle protein synthesis?
More trained individuals require novel stimuli for sustained MPS response
78
What is the typical strength percentage of women's skeletal muscle compared to men's?
60-80%
79
Is there a difference in relative change in strength/mass with training between genders?
No difference; relative change is equivalent

Metabolic perspectives and nutrition exam (14 decks)

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