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Pathophysiology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what is cancer?

A

uncontrolled cell growth

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2
Q

neoplasm

A

new abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body

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3
Q

malignant

A
  • growing worse
  • resisting treatment
  • tending or threating to produce death
  • harmful
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4
Q

benign

A
  • not recurrent or progressive

- opposite of malignant

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5
Q

metastasis

A
  • change in location

- spread of primary tumor to a new location

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6
Q

what process does metastasis involve

A
  • cell detachment
  • invasion
  • transportation
  • invasion
  • reestablishment
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7
Q

grade of cancer

A

characteristics of tumor cells

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8
Q

what can the grade of the cancer tell us

A

predict likelihood of growth and spread

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9
Q

stage of cancer

A

indicates the extent, severity or aggressiveness of the tumor

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10
Q

leukemia

A
  • malignant neoplasm found in the bone marrow and the blood
  • non-functional but replicating intermediate stage blood cells
  • crowd out normal blood cells, inhibit blood cell production
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11
Q

myeloid progenitor

A

gives rise to WBC

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12
Q

lymphoid progenitor

A

gives rise to lymphocytes

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13
Q

AE of chemo

A
  • cancer related fatigue
  • pain
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • N&V
  • mucositis
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
  • brain fog
  • appetite loss
  • left ventricular dysfunction
  • functional deficits
  • disabilities secondary to surgery
  • pulmonary deficits
  • osteoporosis
  • reoccurrence of cancer
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14
Q

what does high dose radiation do

A
  • damage all of the healthy tissue that it passes through

- cardiac damage

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15
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

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16
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia: seen in who

A
  • 20% of all leukemias

- 30% adults, 70% peds

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17
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia: prognosis

A
  • rapidly progressing, can die within several weeks
  • peds: 80% survival
  • adults: 40% survival
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18
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis

A
  • blast cells: >20% bone marrow cells appear in the blood
  • non-functional cells occupy space
  • limited blood cell production
19
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia: AE

A
  • anemia
  • increased risk for infection
  • increased risk for bleeding
20
Q

AML

A

acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia

21
Q

acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia: seen in who

A
  • 40% all leukemias
  • 90% adults
  • rare in children
22
Q

acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia: prognosis

A
  • rapid progression
  • cure rates: 20-45%
  • mean age: 63, incidence increasing with increasing age
23
Q

acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia: diagnosis

A

immature cells in the myeloid line of blood cells (WBC)

24
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocyctic leukemia

25
Q

chronic lymphocyctic leukemia: seen in who

A
  • 25% of all leukemias
  • 100% of adults
  • 0% peds
26
Q

chronic lymphocyctic leukemia: prognosis

A
  • overall medial survival: 10-14 years
  • poor cytogenetics: 8 yrs
  • good cytogenetics: 25 yrs
  • age: 50
27
Q

chronic lymphocyctic leukemia: diagnosis

A
  • chromosomal abnormalities

- affects B-lymphocytes, out of control growth

28
Q

CML

A

chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia

29
Q

chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia: seen in who

A
  • 20% of all cases
  • adults: 95-100%
    peds: 2%, rare
30
Q

chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia: prognosis

A
  • avg age: 66

- slow progression, moderate progression

31
Q

chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia: diagnosis

A
  • CML affects myeloid cells and usually grows slowly at first
  • philadelphia chromosome
32
Q

leukemia treatment

A
  • chemo
  • radiaiton
  • bone marrow transplantation
33
Q

lymphoma

A
  • cancer in lymphatic system
  • can also occur throughout rest of body
  • involves lymphocytes
  • orignated from lymphoid progenitor cells
34
Q

hodgkins lymphoma

A
  • presence of reed-sternberg cell

- can be indolent or aggressive

35
Q

non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • 90% of all lymphoma cases

- when a T-cell or B-cell becomes abnormal

36
Q

lymphoma symptoms

A
  • painless swelling of lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin**
  • persistent, overwhelming fatigue
  • fever**
  • night sweats**
  • SOB
  • unexplained weight loss
  • itchy skin
37
Q

multiple myeloma

A
  • malignant neoplasm arising in the bone marrow which can turn into a tumor
  • tumor initially affects the bones and bone marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and femur
  • blood tumor, not bone tumor
  • uncommon
38
Q

what is the primary presenting symptom with multiple myeloma

A

bone pain

39
Q

progression of multiple myeloma

A

causes damage to the kidney, leads to recurrent infections and affects the nervous system

40
Q

prognosis of multiple myeloma

A

poor

41
Q

multiple myeloma clinical presentation

A
  • pathological fx
  • bone destruction/osteoporosis
  • life threatening hypercalcemia
  • muscular weakness and atrophy
  • kidney involvment
42
Q

multiple myeloma treatment

A

chemo

43
Q

how do you recondition a pt with an increased risk of fracture? like someone with multiple myeloma?

A
  • dont specifically load the areas where fractures occur

- limit flexion activites

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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